Muscular Tissue Mcgraw-Hill ch11

Excition Contraction Coupling

The events that link the action potential of the sarcolemma to the activation of the myofilament contraction

Cross-Bridge

What is the term for the cocked head of myosin binding to actin

Power Stroke

The process of Myosin releasing ATP and ratchets into a low energy position is called?

end-plate

Potential that opens the ion channels

elastic elements within the sarcomere

Muscles return to their resting length because of:

A weak contraction

The resulting contraction when an overly shortened or overly stretched fiber is stimulated is known as what type?

Threshold

The minimum voltage necessary to generate an action potential is defined as:

all-or-none

Once threshold has been reached the fiber will contract fully. This is known as the __ law

Twitch Strength

Calcium concentration, how stretched the muscle is before stimulated, temperature of muscle, stimulation frequency; all effect _

External

The movement of an object or load results from the development of what kind of tension?

Smooth Muscle

Muscles that are uninucleated, non-striated, and fusiform shaped

Cardiac Cells

What type of cells contract nearly in unison, with regular rhythm, and resistant to fatigue

Treppe

Maximal stimuli but low frequency are conditions for?

Incomplete tetanus

temporal summation leads to a state of fluttering contraction known as:

Tetanus

Condition in which stimuli are so frequent that the muscle cannot relax, and the muscle twitches fuse into a smooth prolonged contraction

Increased

High frequency stimuli at constant voltage would cause a__ twitch strength

concentric

A muscle shortens as it maintains tension in a __ contraction

creatine phosphate

During short burst of intense activity, the supply of ATP in muscle is maintained by:

Maximum oxygen uptake

Rate of uptake where increasing workload does not increase oxygen uptake is known as?

increase

increasing twitch frequency will __ the amount of calcium remaining in the sarcoplasm between stimulations

sarcomere

The portion of the myofibril from one z disc to the next is called?

cardiac and smooth

The autonomic nervous system is important in the control of _ and _ muscle

Enderance

Fatigue resistance of muscles is improved by _ exercise, which enhances delivery and use of oxygen

elasticity

When muscles stretch and recoil to a shorter length due to:

resistance exercise

Contraction of muscle against a load that resists movement

Cardiac

Striated, uninucleated, branching muscle

Isometric

Contraction that maintains joint stability and posture

Intercalated discs

Thickened notched ends of cardiac muscle cells which contain gap junctions

Smooth Muscle

Muscle that regulate pupil diameter, constrict or dilate blood vessels to control blood pressure, and move material through digestive tract

Gap Junctions

Coordinated contraction in cardiac cells is facilitated by the presence of what kind of junction?

caveolae

Smooth muscle sarcolemma has pockets that increase the cell surface and the number of calcium channels called

fast-twitch

Type of fibers that contain a fast-acting ATPase and phosphagen enzyme

slow-fibers

Type of fibers that are well adapted to aerobic respiration

smooth

Excitation can be non-electrical in what type of muscle?

endomysium

The innermost layer of CT that surrounds each muscle fiber

Perimysium

The CT that bundles muscle fibers together into fascicles

pennate

Muscles with a _ fascicle arrangement produces the strongest contractions.

calmodulin

Regulatory protein in smooth muscle that binds calcium and activated the myosin light-chain kinase

varicosities

Autonomic nerve fiber regions that innervate smooth muscle

Red Muscles

muscles that contain mostly slow oxidative fibers, and a rich blood supply

Intermediate

Which filaments bind the dense bodies to the sarcolemma in smooth muscles

Cardiac

Gap junctions allow the cells to contract in a coordinated fashion in what type of muscle?

Tropomyosin and calmodulin

Regulatory proteins in smooth muscle

myosin and actin

Two contractile proteins

Cardiac

Muscle type that is striated, uninucleated, and branching

Aerobic

What is the type of metabolism that utilizes glucose and fatty acid as fule to generate ATP

Action potential

The process of muscle excitation is a series of events that permit an impulse from a nerve to generate a polarization change is called

Excitation

Process by which action potentials of a nerve fiber lead to action potentials in the muscle fiber is called what?

Muscle Contraction

When myofilaments increase the amount that they overlap, what occurs?

ATP and Creatine Phosphate

Energy needed for short burst of intense activity are provided by _ and _

Complete Tetanus

The continuous forceful contraction in a muscle with no relaxation between stimuli

T-Tubules

Action potentials cause the opening of voltage-gated calcium ion channels in plasma membrane and the _

Myoglobin

Protein in muscle cells that stores and releases oxygen when it is needed