Edward VI

What five things did Catholicism support in doctrine in post-reformation Europe?

Indulgences, justification by deed, purgatory, clerical celibacy, praying to saints.

How was the Catholic church organised in post-reformation Europe?

Into a hierarchy of bishops, pastors, archbishops etc. with the pope as the head of the church.

What five things would you find within Catholic church in post-reformation Europe?

Stained glass windows, robes, hymns, statues, images.

Describe three features of the Catholic communion in post-reformation Europe.

Evolved round transubstantiation, only the priest would drink the wine, it was in latin.

What is transubstantiation?

The physical conversion of the bread and wine into the blood and body of Christ.

How much power did the Catholic church grant to the state in post-reformation Europe?

Very little, as the pope was the head of the church and could excommunicate leaders.

What five things did Lutheranism support in doctrine in post-reformation Europe?

The only source of authority was the bible, justification by faith, no purgatory, no clerical celibacy, no indulgences.

What is justification by faith?

Salvation through belief, not by deeds or bribes.

What did Lutheranism not condemn in post-reformation Europe?

The hierarchy of bishops, priest, etc.

Who was the head of the Lutheran church in post-reformation Europe?

The state.

What three things would you find in a Lutheran church in post-reformation Europe? What would be different?

Stained glass windows, robes, hymn books, but everything would be in the vernacular language.

Describe two features of Lutheran communion in post-reformation Europe.

The communion evolved around consubstantiation, it was granted to the whole congregation.

What is consubstantiation?

The bread and wine coexist with the spiritual body and blood of Christ (Real Presence).

How much power did Lutheranism grant the state in post-reformation Europe?

The head of state ruled over the church, Lutheranism discouraged rebellion.

What did Zwinglianism support in doctrine in post-reformation Europe?

Justification by faith.

How was the church organised in Zwinglianism in post-reformation Europe?

Using a hierarchy; however, the bible was the only religious authority.

What four things would you not find in a Zwinglian or Calvanist church in post-reformation Europe? What would there be?

No stained glass windows, robes, images, or music. There would be a table instead of an altar.

Describe the Zwinglian communion in post-reformation Europe.

It was only a commemoration of the last supper, provided to the whole congregation.

How much power did Zwinglianism give to the head of state in post-reformation Europe?

Obeyed government and head of state, unless they acted contrary to God.

What is Zwinglianism's relation to Catholicism in post-reformation Europe?

Moved furthest away from Catholicism doctrinally.

What two things did Calvinism support doctrinally in post-reformation Europe?

Justification by faith and predestination.

How was the Calvinist church organised in post-reformation Europe?

Congregation elected own leaders, including pastors and lay elders.

Describe two features of a Calvinist communion in post-reformation Europe.

Communion granted to whole congregation, body and blood present spiritually.

How much power did Calvinism grant to the state?

The head of state was the head of the church.

What is Calvinism's relation to Ctholicism in post-reformation Europe?

Moved furthest away from Catholicism in organisation.

What was England's position in Europe in 1547? (5)

At war with France and Scotland, not a major power, captured Boulogne from France. alliance between France and Scotland caused war on two fronts, fer of Catholic crusade in 1540s.

What were five features of English government in 1547?

Edward was a child, personality of the King was important, royal household looked after King's domestic needs, factional struggles for nobles as they tried to gain power through King's minority, local law and order maintained by Justices of the Peace.

Describe English parliament in 1547.

Not a regular feature of government, called to make new laws or to raise money.

Who did the King rely on for advice in 1547?

Nobles and senior churchmen within the Privy Council.

Describe four features of the English monarchy in 1547.

Henry VIII ruled without a chief minister, Henry VIII was seen as ruthless, Edward was a child, Regency governed created to help govern (balanced between religious conservatives and reformers).

Describe five features of religion in England in 1547.

Monarch was the head of the church following break from papacy, largely Catholic in doctrine but without the pope, all religious houses closed own, most people were still Catholic (Pilgrimage of Grace), bible available in English in ll churches.

Describe four features regarding rebellion and unrest in England in 1547.

1525 protests against taxation with Amicable Grant forced Henry to abandon the tax, in 1536 40,000 rebels gathered against a range of issues, no standing army or police force to put down rebellions, nobles and local gentry expected to control local unrest.

Describe five features of the socio-economic conditions of England in 1547.

All money from dissolving monasteries spent on war and defence in 1540s, silver content reduced to raise money through debasement causing inflation, food prices rose quickly in 1540s, population increase pressured food and land, complaints about land enclosure for sheep farming.

When was Henry VIII coronated?

1509, aged 18.

How did the papacy originally support Henry VIII?

Papal dispensation.

Who became Lord Chancellor in 1515?

Thomas Wosley

How did the Pope originally support Henry VIII in 1521?

titled 'Defender of the Faith'

When and what were Henry's two early military successes? What followed these?

1511 Holy League against France, 1513 defence against Scottish advances. Followed by successful advance on France.

What were Henry's three naval achievements?

Created navy of 50 ships, built first naval dock, set up Navy board in 1546.

Why was Wosley removed as Lord Chancellor?

Following a marital disagreement with the pope.

Why was Henry excommunicated? What did this cause?

Following marriage to Anne Boleyn, caused religious unrest.

What two factors increased the power and wealth of the monarch under Henry VIII?

Break with Rome, dissolution of monasteries.

What year was Edward born as male heir?

1537

What alliance failed under Henry VIII?

The German Protestant alliance with Anne of Cleves.

What were Henry's later campaigns against France and Scotland?

Expensive

Describe the succession of 1547.

Successful, planned.

What were seven achievements of Henry VIII?

Raised state of monarchy to near idolatry creating national pride, secure succession, 1540s Privy Chamber became supreme executive body, efficient administration of government, effective legal system, less lawlessness (particularly in Marcher Lordships of Wales and the North), built great palaces.

What were five failures of Henry VIII?

Religious reforms unclear, at war six times with only one territorial gain, serious deficit following war and 1544 debasement (inflation). needs of poor not addressed, from 1522 - 1540 833 committed treason (308 executed).

What were 6 Catholic features of religion on the death of Henry VIII?

Henry believed in transubstantiation, the English clergy could not marry, purgatory not addressed but deeds for salvation reinstated, singing masses continued as chantries not closed down, seven sacraments acknowledged, paintings and statues allowed but silver and gold sold off.

What was a Protestant feature of religion on the death of Henry VIII?

No monasteries since 1540.

What was a Catholic and Protestant feature of religion on the death of Henry VIII?

Mass conducted in latin, recital of prayers and communion in English.

What were five initial challenges for Edward in 1547?

England at war with France and Scotland, most people Catholic, age of King caused factional struggles, difficult to prevent unrest as no standing army, rising population pressured land and food.

What were five initial advantages for Edward in 1547?

Monarch head of church, royal household looked after domestic needs, local law and order maintained by Justices of the Peace, balanced regency council established, Henry VIII majorly strengthened power of the monarch.

What were the three min components of the Tudor government?

Privy Council, Parliament, Court.

When did Henry VIII reign?

1509 - 1547

What were eight positives of Henry VIII's reign?

Break from Rome increased power of the monarch, strengthened the navy (50 ships, dock, board), planned succession supported by Regency Council and Primogeniture, tyrannical reputation, monarchy supported by divine right of Kingship, efficient government system, less lawlessness with an efficient legal system, many large palaces built.

What were seven negatives of Henry VIII's reign?

Offence against France and Scotland caused European tension and debt, religious unrest due to excommunication and dissolution of the monasteries, German Protestant Alliance failed, Edward's childhood disrupted, factions exploited by nobles, needs of the poor not addressed, expensive lifestyle.

Why was there religious unrest under Henry VIII? (regarding practice and doctrine)

Doctrine and practice largely Catholic but England had broken from Rome and advisers were Protestant.

What was the centre of the Tudor government? Who supported this?

Crown, supported by institutions.

Who were the monarch's closest advisers?

The Privy Council, included senior members of the house of commons/lords and leading church/military men, appointed by monarch for life and met frequently.

What did parliament (commons/lords) do?

Pass legislations and taxes.

Who were the court?

Leading subjects of the monarch, showed loyalty and power, could give advice.

What is a sacrament?

Ceremony regarded as imparting spiritual grace.

What were the seven Catholic sacraments?

Anointment, baptism, confirmation, Eucharist, matrimony, ordination, penance.

What were the two Protestant sacraments?

Baptism, Eucharist.

What is purgatory?

Intermediate state after death, purification before heaven.

What is reformation?

Action of changing an institute or practice.

What is the Eucharist?

Ceremony commemorating the Last Supper.

What did people believe regarding economics in 1550?

Economics just happened, there was no need for the government to step in.

What were four strengths of the socio-economic situation of 1550?

1550 mainly good harvests, population growth indicated more children surviving into adulthood (more cheap laborers), cloth trade boomed due to inflation, fewer epidemics.

What were six weaknesses of the socio-economic situation of 1550?

Bad harvests happened consecutively, population increases caused food and land shortages and inflation, silver inflation, detaxement, epidemics, disruptive enclosement.

How old was Edward when he came to the throne?

9

Who compiled the regency council? Who dominated?

Conservatives and reformers, conservatives dominated marginally.

Who originally took control of Edward as Lord Protector, housing him as his uncle? (Jane Seymour)

Somerset

How did Somerset abuse the power of the King? (2)

Used bribery to stay in power, used 'dry stamp' of the King's signature to govern.

What were nine advantages of Edward VI?

Spoiled with attendants with an army of personal servants and many teachers, naturally intelligent and studious and was interested in education, devout and religious, self-disciplined rarely laughing and very serious, generally good health, educated by a humanist Protestant from 1543 - 1552, read for several hours a day and learnt six foreign languages, had lessons in statecraft and government knowing about the nobility and their religions, sense of duty and very religious.

What were four weaknesses of Edward VI/

Troubled childhood infrequently seeing his father and being 'among the women', never left lone and guarded by three gentlemen whilst five grooms watched at night and room cleaned three times a day, distrustful with cold relations could be vindictive, fatal septicemia from 1553.

What was Martin Luther?

German monk and theology professor.

What action was the start of Lutheranism?

1517 95 These pinned to Wittenburg Cathedral.

What was Luther concerned about primarily?

Indulgences

When was Luther excommunicated?

1521

What were four important features of Lutheranism?

Only source of authority was the bible, doctrine of justification by faith, condemned clerical celibacy, condemned purgatory.

What did Luther want despite creating his own church?

Minimal disruption.

Who founded Zwinglianism?

Huldrych Zwingli, a Swiss priest.

When were the radical changes that caused the Swiss reformation?

1522

What was removed from the Zwinglian church?

Anything not mentioned in the bible.

When did Huldrych Zwingli die?

1531 in religious civil war.

Who founded Calvinism and when?

French lawyer Jean Calvin in 1530, became head of the church of Geneva.

What was the prominent doctrine in Calvinism?

Predestination

How did the unordained laity recognise the church in 1547?

More Catholic due to appearance.

How did Somerset align religiously?

Moderate Protestant, his bishops were divided and undecided (Gardiner was Catholic)

Who opposed religious change under Somerset?

Lower clergy

Which area was more Catholic in England and and why?

North and West, as religion and trade was centred around the Thames.

Very generally, how were Protestants distinguished?

Higher class, as had to be educated.

When and what was the Royal Visitation? (Somerset)

1547, commissioners examined bishoprics with episcopal (bishop) authority being suspended until their completion. Neutral, with Protestant motives.

When and what was the Book of Homilies and Parphrases? (Somerset)

July 1547, collection of model sermons and paraphrases introduced to every Church, contained sermon by Cramner supporting justification by faith, Protestant.

When and what were the Royal Injunctions? (Somerset)

July 1547, preaching in English, the English bible, and Protestant literature in every church, images removed, Protestant.

When and what was the Chantries Act? (Somerset)

4th November to 24th December 1547, Act of Dissolution revived and extended to condemn prayers for the dead (purgatory), Protestant.

When and what was the repealing of the Act of Six Articles? (Somerset)

4th November to 24th December 1547, repealed reestablishment of key Catholic doctrine, no official doctrine, Protestant.

When and what was the repealing of the Treason Act? (Somerset)

4th November to 24th December 1547, removed heresy/treason/censorship/proclamation laws, religion discussed freely, Catholicism attacked by radicals, Protestant.