Notes science

central dogma

DNA gets transcribed (gene gets copied) makes mRNA and mRNA gets translated (tells ribosome) to make protein

RNA polymerase

performs transcription

density and equation

how tightly packed the matter is inside a given volume, how density = mass / volume

triple point

specific temperature and pressure where a substance’s three phases (solid, liquid, gas) coexist in stable equilibrium

critical point

the point where liquid and gas phases blend into one single line with the same density with no distinction

nonsense mutation

stop is randomly put in the gene

missense mutation

one of the letters get changed

silent

one of the letters get changed but don’t affect the translation

frameshift

a letter gets added or removed causing a shift, this makes nonfunctional proteins

parts of the nerve cell (neuron)

dendrites (branches), soma (cell body), axon hillock, axon, myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier, axon terminals

what cells produce myelin sheath

neuroglia cells: schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

plasma is made up of what

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, and sodium ions

large intestine

absorbs water and electrolytes

atomic number

the number of protons (usually the same for electrons)

mass number

protons + neutrons

net charge

how protons and electrons balance each other out, protons + electrons

tendon

skeletal muscle to bone, allows movement

ligaments

bone to bone, keeps skeleton aligned

dependent variable

is the part you are measuring (the cause)

independent variable

is what you change in the experiment (the effect)

layers of the skin and what does it have

epidermis - keratin, melanocytes

dermis - sweat glands, hair follicles

hypodermis or subcutaneous tissue (fat) - insulator, energy storage

does acidic or basic have more H+

acidic

if its more acidic or more basic which buffer chemicals do you use

acidic use bicarbonate (soaks up H+), basic use carbonic acid (adds acid)

ways that meiosis creates genetic diversity

crossing over (recombination) in prophase 1, independent assortment in metaphase 1

blood flow direction

body carries poor oxygenated blood, superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs carries oxygenated blood, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, back to the body

if something is more basic it has more what ion

OH-

going up or down by one pH number is how many times higher

10x

pancreas

makes digestive enzymes, regulate blood sugar by secreting hormones insulin and glucagon

liver

below diaphragm, filters toxins, breaks down waste, produces bile and proteins (fibrinogen etc.), stores glucose/glycogen, processes nutrients

spleen

filters blood, removes damaged cells, produces and stores white blood ells, stores blood, holding RBCs and platelets

gallbladder

stores, concentrates, and releases bile

bile

emulsifies fat for absorption

states of matter, most to least ordered

solid, liquid, gas

deposition

gas turns into solid w/o liquid

freezing

liquid to solid

condensation

gas to liquid

sublimination

solid to gas w/o liquid

melting

solid to liquid

evaporation

liquid to gas

simple to most complex structures

atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

macromolecules are

made up of monomers: proteins, nucleic acid, carbohydrates, lipids

osteoblasts

build up bone, b = build

osteoclasts

break down bone, c = cut

somatic cell

regular body cells, diploid (2n chromosomes)

germ cells

aka gametes (sex cells), have egg and sperm cells, haploid (n chromosome)

atomic radius

size of atom, down is bigger and across is smaller (the ones I know are usually higher up)

sternal region

front

dorsal region

back

posterior

back

anterior

front

superior

above

inferior

below

appendix

end part of large intestine

rectus abdominis

abs

correlation

two things go together

causation

one causes the other

kidney

filters waste from blood, a role in regulating fluid balance, made of nephrons: glomerulus (water and waste leaves blood to here), loop of Henle (reabsorption mostly water from tube to blood aka high solute)

osmosis

low concentration to high concentration (along gradient, not active)