Hip joint

Describe the hip joint

Ball and socket joint with three degrees of freedom. flexion/extenion, adduction/adbuction medial/lateral rotation

what are the attachments of the hip

connects from the lower limb to the pelvic girdle

what are the three bones that make up the hip

ilium
ishcium
pubis

What are the main facts about acetabulum

-Concave socket
-Formed by articular cartilage and labrum.
-The labrum increases surface area of the acetabulum. -Fat pad which protects the arteries and veins from the forces.
-Lunate surface which is C shaped allows an even distribution of the forces.

Lunate Surface

C/U shaped articular cartilage inside acetabulum.

Femoral Head

Round top of femur fitting into acetabulum.

What does the femoral head join to

the femur

What happens when there is no labrum in the hip joint

Pain and clicks

Greater Trochanter

Large bump on femur, adjacent to femoral head.

Articular Cartilage

Covers joint ends; ¼ inch thick, slippery.

Labrum

Cartilage rim increasing acetabular stability.

Joint Capsule Ligament

- Water tight sac
- Helps with the stability of the hip

Where does the joint capsule attach?

Top of femur to acetabulum

Zona Orbicularis

Tight ring around femoral neck for stability and resistance to distractive forces

Ligamentum Teres

Connects femoral head tip to acetabulum. It brings very small blood supply to the femoral head

3 types of ligaments

- Iliofemoral ligament
- Ischialfemoral ligament
- Pubofemoral ligament

Iliofemoral Ligament

Y-shaped, thickest and strongest hip ligament.

Ischiofemoral Ligament

Attached to acetabular labrum for stability.

Pubofemoral Ligament

Blends with hip capsule for joint support. The ligaments are twisted for stronger stability

Iliotibial Band

Long tendon connecting hip to knee.

What muscles are involved in hip flexion?

Iliopsoas and rectus femoris

Where does the iliopsoas muscle attach?

From the lower spine to the upper femur

Where does the rectus femoris muscle attach?

From the pelvis to the upper tibia

Extensors

Gluteus maximus, minimus and medius
Bicep femoris long and short head
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus

What causes arthritis?

Enlarging of the greater trochanter which minimises motion

Adductors

Pulls the leg inwards towards the other leg

Medial Rotators

No primary muscles for medial hip rotation.

Bursae

Fluid-filled sacs reducing friction in joints.

Trabeculae

Bony arrangement in proximal femur for weightbearing.

Lateral rotator muscles

Piriformis
Superior Gemellus
Obturator internus
Inferior Gemellus
Obturator externus
Quadratus femoris

Flexor muscles

These muscles are in front of the hip joint.
Iliopsoas
Rectus femoris
Sartorius

Iliopsoas muscle

Deep muscle that begins attached to the lower spine and connect on the inside edge of the upper femur

Rectus femoris

Large group of muscles in front of the thigh

Sartorius

Small thin strap like muscle. It runs from the pelvis, across the knee and connects to the upper tibia

Function of external rotators

- Stabilises the hip joint
- Rotates the leg outwards

What muscle is involved in extending the hip?

Hamstrings

Attachment of hamstrings

Starts at pelvis, crosses the back hip joints on the way to the knee

Nerves

Carries signals from the brain to the muscles that move the hip. It also sends signals back to the brain about sensations such as touch, pain and temp.

Examples of the nerves

Sciatic nerve
Obturator nerve
Femoral nerve

What vessels are in the hip

- The femoral artery
- Profunda femoris
-Circumflex arteries

What does the femoral artery vessel do

it supplies the lower limb with blood

what does the profunda femoris vessel do

it contains circumflex arteries which are the main blood supply for the femoral head

what muscles are involved in extending the hips

gluetus maximus, minimus and medius
bicep femoris long and short head
semitendinosus
semimembranosus

what muscles are involved in flexing the hip

pirfimoris
superior gemellus
obturator internus
inferior gemellus
obturator externus
quadratus femoris

what are the adductor muscles

pectineus
adductor brevis
gracilis
adductor magnus
adductor longus

what are the medial rotators

NONE

where is bursa found

it is found where friction occurs between muscles, tendons and bones

what is the structure of bursa

it is a thin sac of tissue
it contains fluid to lubricate the area to reduce friction
naturally produced by the body when needed

what are the different types of bursa

iliopsoas burisitis
greater trochantric bursitis
ischial bursitis

what is the greater trochanter attachment points for

external rotators
piriformis