History after WW2

How many veterans came home (Canada) after the war?

Nearly 1 million

What did the government do to ease the transition into society for the soldiers after WW2?

The Canadian government passed special legislation that allowed them to have their old jobs back

What types of ppl were given hiring preferences after the war? What else were they given that was helpful?

Veterans and war widows

They were also given free university/trade education tuition

When returning home, what did soldiers arrive with? How many did this?

1 in 5 veterans returned home with a war bride (left their “sweethearts” to go to war and they got married right after) and sometimes children

How many immigrants did King accept to come to Canada after the war? What was the condition he set for accepting them? Why and what group was this targeted towards?

• Canada accepted 165 000 immigrants but King claimed he had the right to only admit “desirable future citizens” (still rampant racism)

• Discriminated against Italians, Greeks, Portuguese, and Jews

What did the war brides and boom in weddings cause?

Baby boomers-boom in population

What is suburbia and how did it come to be after the war?+significance

How?:

• Long term mortgages became available

• Land was cheaper on the outskirts of cities so homes went up in the countryside-developments of communities that weren’t there b4

What was it like?:

• Think “American Dream”-big house, married, etc.

Why significant?:

• Post-WWII was an exciting time for many Canadians who were able to move to a new and bigger home and a better lifestyle

• Suburbs didn’t really exist until then-either farm or city

Why did ppl want suburbia? Also what did cities start to do after the boom in population-how did they start to change? What did the suburban lifestyle focus on? What happened to women in the workforce at this time and why?

• After WWI, the Great Depression, and WWII, Canadians wanted a normal family life with material possessions-cause unstable during war and alos rly bad

• Cities began to run out of space, so cities began growing “up” (i.e. high rises)-more in states than here but think Toronto-expanded greatly here

• Suburbs focused on traditional values such as a stay-at-home mother

• Women, who made up one third of the workforce during the war, were let go to create jobs for returning vets-some stayed but this happened to most women

What was public opinion on women in the workforce around this time (more like propaganda to encourage women of smth)? What was the fashion like? How did women feel abt all this? When did things start to change for women?

• Magazines said working mothers were the cause of “delinquent children”

• Fashion: long, full, skirts, narrow waists, high heels, red lips and cheeks

• Many women felt isolated in the suburbs and wanted to develop to full potential-but were kinda stuck

• By mid-sixties, many were looking for a different way of life

What were gender roles like (specifically for the father) in the Age of the Automobile? When did this age start? How many automobiles were sold? What did cars look like around this time?

• Father was the breadwinner

• In the 1950s, Canadians fell in love with the automobile (3.5 million of them were sold!)-not a large population at the time so this is a lot

• Cars were longer and fancier with chrome, fins, and fancy tail lights-attractive and cool

What happened as a result of the Age of the Automobile? What did this cause the birth of? What did these things represent?

• Downtown traffic jams became a reality-cars more popular so yk

• Caused the birth of drive-in restaurants, drive-in theatres, tourism, and major highways

• Represented progress, technology, security, and freedom

What does the term “Baby boom” refer to? Why did this occur?

• Refers to the increase in birth rate in the postwar period

• During the Depression and war, people put off having families

• After the war, a booming economy and government family allowances made it possible to start/expand families

• Marriage rate increased and people married younger

What happened in 1959 for Canada that was significant after WW2? How many children were born in this time period? What are ppl born in this timer period considered (also what’s the time range for them to be considered this)? What does the term., “Baby Boom echo” mean?

• 1959:  Canada’s birth rate was highest in the world!-Canada was highest in world actually

• 6.7 million Canadian children born between 1946 and 1961!

• People born around 1947 to 1966 are considered “Baby Boomers”

• Baby boom echo:  society “feels” baby boomers moving through life stages-when they have kids, retire, etc.-cause they’re such a big population-so when old more retirement homes, etc.

What term got coined as a result of a lifestyle change for Baby Boomer children? What was in style for this population?

• Because baby boomers were the first generation to spend longer in school, they had more leisure time and money to spend, no hard labor, etc.-not in farms yk

• The term “teenager” was coined-wasn’t a thing b4 this

• Penny loafers, poodle skirts, cardigans, crinolines, hula hoops…

Where was youth rebellion the most prevalent? Why/what caused this? What big figure was considered scandalous back then that Baby boomers (teenagers) loved? What sort of music was popular around that time in general?

• Youth rebellion was especially evident in rock ‘n’ roll-this teenager thing–interacting with each other longer-a whole culture developed around that age group

• When Elvis Presley swiveled his hips, adults were outraged and banned camera shots below the waist!-scandalous back then

• Together with new music came the Monster Mash, the Twist, the Mashed Potato

What did teens bring to Canada after the war (Baby Boomers)? What was this considered? What was on the rise? Give like 3 examples of new things made in that era that fit this pop culture

• Teens brought a new type of culture to Canada; a style of behavior that defined them as a group

• This was coined “pop culture”-didn’t have it b4

• Consumerism was on the rise - again-buying new things

Eg. ball point pens, photocopiers, Polaroid cameras, cake mixes, typewriters, Kleenex-what teens want-all new things invented in that era btw

Hoe did Canadians feel during the hole baby boomer era-what were they like (this would be like 1948)? What cultural big thing happened for Canada from 1945-1967? What was a big problem with Canadian pop culture around that time tho? Who did ppl become fascinated with instead?

• Canadians were very conservative at this time – in 1948 women could be fined for wearing shorts!

• From 1945-1967, the Leafs and Canadiens each won nine Stanley Cups-hockey=popular

• Aside from sports, most heroes and heroines were not “homegrown”-other than leafs and canadiens ppl followed American stuff-didn’t have much of our own

• People became fascinated with Hollywood (Elizabeth Taylor, James Dean, Marilyn Monroe)-this was their era

What kinda thing was appointed in 1949 due to the underlying problem with Canadian pop culture? What did they do to solve the problem?

• A special body called the Massey Commission was appointed in 1949 to investigate the state of Canadian culture-Canadians not watching Canadian content -losing ourselves-becoming too american

• It denounced pop culture as an “American Evil”

• Massey recommended that Canada concentrate on developing a culture that was protected from American influence

What did the federal government do based on the Massey Commissions suggestion to solve the Canadian pop culture problem ig (not a real term btw). What happened as a result of this by 1960?

• Federal government spent a lot of money trying to create a valuable Canadian culture (Stratford Festival Theatre, National Ballet, National Film Board)

• Also advised that television be used for national communication rather than entertainment

• 1960: 90% of Canadian homes had TV

How big of an impact did the TV have on Canadian society? How so? What were popular TV programs at the time?

• TV had as much of an impact on Canadian society as the automobile had

• Families began to spend more time together in front of the TV but less time talking

• TV dinners were eaten off TV tables

• Canadians were primarily watching American TV programs like Lassie, Howdy Doodie, the Mickey Mouse Club, and I Love Lucy (still American)

How did the Canadian government and citizens view FNMI communities? What were their ideas abt these communities (name at least 3)

viewed FNMI communities as something they DID NOT want to be, something they viewed as the opposite of themselves.

Ideas:

• Uncivilized

• Of lower intelligence

• Unable to self-govern

• Dirty

• Hostile

• Unfit parents

Questions about Canadian Identity and what it meant to be Canadian were really prevalent at this time (1867-1967). What was this period called?- CHECK THIS QUESTION

Centennial of Canadian Confederation

Who was accepted/seen as part of the greater Canadian identity?

All immigrants who were from Northern Europe (Germany, Holland, Scandinavia and Britain).

Who was not accepted as part of the greater Canadian identity?

Everyone else, especially Asian immigrants, those from other parts of Europe (Italy, Greece, Ukraine, ect.), and FNMI communities.

How was the historical treatment of FNMI communities by the Canadian government described as?

cultural genocide

What is a “cultural genocide”? Why might the Canadian government and its citizens have viewed this as an option?-eh check to see if u rly need the 2nd part of this question

How was cultural genocide done throughout the 1950s-1980s?

1. Relocation of FNMI communities

2. Relocation of FNMI children

Relocation of FNMI communities-include what they called it, What happened in terms of this b4 the 1950s, and why was this done

“Administrative Relocations”:

• Before the 1950s, many FNMI peoples were relocated, from their homes and the land on which their ancestors lived, onto reserves. 

This was done because the Canadian government wanted to use the land they were living on for other things, including for European settlers to live and farm on or because they wanted to use the natural resources available on that land.  

What is a reserve?

An area of land set aside for FNMI communities to live and work on.

What communities/parts of reserves ig was the federal government in charge of providing funding and social programs and services to check if this makes sense.

Federal government responsible for providing funding and social programs and services to these communities: 

• schools

• drinking water

• medical care. 

What did the Canadian government during the 1950s-1960s to Indigenous reserves across Canada and why?

A number of Indigenous reserves across Canada were combined because it was cheaper to deliver government goods.

What did the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal rule that the federal government did to FNMI communities? What specific things did the government not fund up to the standard?

They ruled that the federal government actively discriminated against FNMI communities by funding them less than non-FNMI communities.

From education to health to access to drinking water to housing, FNMI communities receive less support.

How did Chelsea Vowel (a Plains Cree speaking Metis lawyer), describe the effect of the relocation of Indigenous ppl on Indigenous communities?

Basically she said that the relocation severed Indigenous people’s relationship to their land, environment, and culture cause land was a big thing for them they hunted on land, believed culturally in like spirits of the and, etc.She said that they therefore, cans simply pack up, move to a foreign environment and carry on as tho nothing happened

How did FNMI communities explain the ways relocation affected their communities?

• Loss of understanding how to farm and hunt on their land, which made them less self-sufficient

• Separation of families and community members

• Different weather conditions - many communities relocated to colder northern parts of Canada

• Loss of autonomy - now reliant on the federal government for services

• Loss of economy - many FNMI communities relied on hunting, trapping and the fur trade for money

• Loss of culture due to separation from their traditional lands, communities, and family members.

DE SACS

What effect did this loss of culture, environment, etc. due to relocation of Indigenous Peoples-based on the statement by the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples?

In their report on suicide amongst Aboriginal poeple, they found that the most significant facotrs that contribute to cultural stress are loss of land, control over living conditions and restricted economic opportunity,

In turn, they found that cultural stress has a central role in predisposing Aboriginal people to suiRelocation to the High Arcticcide, self-injury and other self-destructive behaviours.

Relocation (of Indigenous Peoples) to the High Arctic-include how many Indigenous families were relocated, what were they promised and where were they relocated from (like where did they start and where did they go).

In 1953, 11 Indigenous families from Northern Quebec and Nunavut were relocated to Grise Fiord and Resolute Bay with promises of better living and hunting opportunities.

Why were Indigenous People relocated to the High Arctic in the first place? What was the land thy were moved to described as?

• These relocation’s were forced and motivated by a desire to reinforce Canadian sovereignty in the Arctic Archipelago by creating settlements there.

• The land they were moved to is described as “large barren islands in the hostile polar north”-this would be like Resolute Bay and stuff

What did Alan R. Marcus also suggest that the relocation of the Inuit served a purpose to? What did he call this problem?

He thought that not only was it like an experiment but also an answer to the Eskimo Problem

Eskimo Problem:

• Basically when the government wanted to “manage” the Inuit because they weren’t integrating into modern Euro-Canadian life the way they wanted-so they blamed a bunch of stuff and relocated them

• He described this as being linked to the Inuit’s reluctance to give up their nomadic ways in areas that were supposedly overpopulated.

• He even provided detailed accounts of poor hunting szns and starvation within the Inukjuak area to be like oh look its cause its overpopulated. But the federal government knew that the are was in the midst of a lo trapping szn due to the end of a 4year fox cycle

How were the families being located treated by the government/what was their lifestyle?-include how far they moved, how that affected them, what the government promised them and whether or not that promise was honored and what the government did (or rather didn’t) give them

• The families were left without sufficient supplies of food and caribou skins or other materials for making appropriate clothing and tents. 

• moved about 2,000 km to a very different ecosystem

• unfamiliar with the wildlife and had to adjust to months of 24-hour darkness during the winter, and 24-hour sunlight during the summer

• told that they would be returned home after two years if they wished

• promises were not honored by the government

Relocation of Indigenous children-why was this done? also include what they tried to change (like based on their views on Indigenous women)

Basically, raising children and the way a home should be run and stuff was largely based on Canadian culture-so, to make Indigenous People more “Canadian”, they specifically targeted children (believed they could become “desirable” Canadian citizens this way.

Through home visits and pamphlets, social workers tried to change what they viewed as Indigenous women's:

• Inadequate prenatal education

• Childfeeding and childrearing (raising children) methods

• child care arrangements.

How did the federal government view FNMI households? What did they try to do based on this belief? What was this action specifically called?

They viewed them as inferior and uncivilized when compared to “Canadian” households

Sought to change this by forcibly removing Indigenous children from their homes and placing them up for adoption in what is now known as the 60s Scoop.

What did FNMI communities face as a result of forced removal from lands and forced dependence on the federal government (loss of resources, community, income sources, autonomy/self-governance, etc.)

• high poverty rates

• high death rates

• barriers to accessing education

• barriers to accessing medical treatment.

PreMED

What did child welfare agencies choose to do based on their belief that Indigenous households were “inadequate” for Indigneous children? Did they even care abt how the Indigenous communities felt about this?

• They chose to remove Indigenous children from their homes rather than provide community resources and support.

• No-they didn’t seek the consent of communities to “scoop” newborn and young children from their parents and place them into non-Indigenous homes.

How many FNMI children were removed from their hoes, where ere they sent (were they sent abroad), how many were adopted by American families (percent) and what cases were not reported that occurred in these new homes (like in the residential schools)

• More than 20,000 FNMI children were removed from their homes.

• Many children were sent abroad, some as far away as New Zealand.

• Up to 55% were adopted by American families.

• Many cases of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, as was the case with Residential Schools, went unreported.

Igor Gouzenko-who was he/what did he do, where was he from, what did he do in 1945 and what did this action prove?

• Russian cipher clerk at the Soviet embassy in Ottawa

• In 1945, Gouzenko left the Soviet embassy in Ottawa with several top secret documents hidden in his clothes

• The documents proved that there was a Soviet spy ring in Canada

What was it believed that the Soviet spy ring in Canada was trying to do?

That they were trying to uncover secrets related to the atomic bomb (the USSR had not developed the bomb yet)

What is defection? What were people, like Gouzenko, who defected, given?

Changing allegiances from one side to another is known as defection, which was extremely risky and dangerous

Those who defected were often given amnesty (usually citizenship and protection by the country they aided)

What did Gouzenko’s defection prove? What did this mark the beginning of?

Proved that as early as 1945, the USSR was no longer an ally of the United States and Canada.

This marked the beginning of a 46 year old era known as the Cold War

What was the Cold War?-include what both the USSR and America emerged as after WW2 and what that term meant

• A period of geopolitical (global and political) tension between the United States (and its allies) and the Soviet Union (and its allies).

• After World War 2 and the destruction of Europe, both countries emerged as global superpowers

• Superpower: a country that has the power to exert its influence on a global scale

What are 5 ways in which a superpower (country-wise) can exert influence?

1. Military

2. Economy

3. Tech

4. Diplomacy

5. Culture

MCTED or TEDMC

What was the main source of the conflict between America and the Soviet Union in the Cold War?

The main conflict between the United States and the USSR lied in economic differences

How did the economic systems differ between the USA and the USSR?

United States of America:

Political System:

• Democracy (Free elections)

Economic System:

• Capitalism

• Private business owners and enterprises run economy (private ownership)

• Government influence on everyday life is low (more personal freedom)

United Soviet Socialist Republic

Political System:

• Authoritarian (no free elections)

Economic System:

• Communism

• Government owns everything, all citizens are socially and economically “equal” 

• Government influence on everyday life is high

• (less personal freedom)

How did the Yalta Conference kinda allude to the Cold War?

If u remember, every global superpower at Yalta had different goals, however, a fundamental thing both the USA and USSR wanted was influence over the new, post World War II world, and Europe.

Control over Germany would be a major step in controlling Europe, which both sides sought.

What speech did Winston Churchill deliver to a University at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri on March 5th, 1946,? What did his speech describe?

The Sinews of Peace. It described the division between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union in Europe. Churchill coined the phrase “iron curtain”-cause it looked like a “wall”/border had been made between the countries that supported the USSR and the USA

The phrase “iron curtain” came to stand for the division of Europe-mostly democratic Western Europe and a communist Eastern Europe

Why was the Cold War called the Cold war? Why did this situation even occur? What was this situation called??

Because it did not “heat up” into direct fighting- the USA and USSR did not attack each other directly

This was because the USA and USSR at this point both had nuclear weapons-USA developed its first in July 16, 1945, and USSR developed its first August 29, 1949

So,is, both countries knew they were able to destroy each other

This created a situation called nuclear deterrence

Nuclear deterrence

Maintaining a level of diplomacy to avoid a nuclear war and mutually assured destruction (MAD) If either nation launches a strike, both will be destroyed.

what happened in the beginning of the Cold War?-what was it rooted in, how were the allies divided already, what cause distrust between them and how did relationships between the 3 superpowers change after the War

• The Cold War was rooted in the collapse of the American-British-Soviet alliance that defeated Germany and Japan in the Second World War. 

• The Allies were already divided ideologically. 

• They were deeply suspicious of the other side’s world plans. 

• American and British diplomatic relations with Joseph Stalin’s Soviet Union severely cooled after the war, over several issues.

Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (IBMs)-include what it was, what the range was, what it was designed for, and what countries had it and what that caused for Canada/what situation that put Canada in

• a ballistic missile with a range greater than 5,500 kilometers primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more thermonuclear warheads)

• The U.S. and Russia both had IBM capability during the Cold War, hence putting Canada in a difficult geopolitical position

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)-include what it was, how many were in it, what it was used/how it was used, what it did during the Cold War and if it still exits today

• An intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American.

• Used as /was a collective security system.

• During the Cold War, NATO operated as a check on the threat posed by the Soviet Union.

• Still exists today.

Warsaw Pact-include who it was made by, why it was made/ as a result of what, what it was and who it consisted of

• As a result of the formation of NATO, the Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact on 14 May 1955, immediately following West Germany joining the western alliance.

• A collective defence treaty consisting of the Soviet Union and: Albania (withdrew in 1968), Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania.

THE DIEFENBUNKER!-include what it was, where it is located, when it was in commission/being sued/able to be used, why this was made and when it was closed and decommissioned

• A large underground four-storey reinforced concrete bunker and nuclear fallout shelter located in the rural area of Carp, Ontario approximately 30 km west of downtown Ottawa.

• Between 1957 and 1961,  the Diefenbaker government authorized the Diefenbunker to be designed and built in an attempt to protect against a nuclear weapons attack by the Soviet Union.

• In 1994, CFS Carp was decommissioned and closed.

Communism vs capitalism and include the fear during the Cold War and why it developed based on the systems

Communism:

• Shared resources

• Controlled by state-NO PEIVATE PROPERTY

• Market exists to provide things based on needs of ppl (not making money but what's best for the common good)

• Class- less in society because everyone should have the same things

• Government intervention should be minimal or non-existent

Capitalism:

• Market- businesses and individuals making money for themselves-privately owned land + capital ($)

• Class system does develop-mostly because of the Market (free market) system

• Very little government oversight- more about individual freedoms rather than greater food like communism

• Economic activity is regulated by buyers and sellers in a market economy-no government oversight or control

• Consumers are free to spend their income as they wish-more individualistic

In the cold war, there was a fear of ppl losing their individual rights if communism spread- just because of how communism worked for the common good rather than individual needs and rights

Political change in Quebec-when started what was it called what did it aim to do, who was the leader and what did they believe in

1968 – a new Quebec political party formed called Parti Québécois

• Its aim was to promote sovereignty – or political independence –from the rest of Canada

• Leader was René Lévesque

• Believed in separatism

FLQ (Front du Liberation du Quebec)-include what it was, how it differed from the Levesques government and what they did in order to achieve their goals-what they used specifically

• Lévesque’s Parti Quebecois planned to achieve independence for Quebec by peaceful, democratic means

  • But other separatist groups such as the FLQ used more extreme measures

• -eg. Bombs, terrorism, etc.

What situation caused the FLQ to start being taken seriously? When did this happen, where, to who and also why weren’t the FLQ taken seriously prior to this?

• With little support, FLQ weren’t taken very seriously until…

• October 5, 1970:  James Cross, a British diplomat, was kidnapped from his Montreal home

What ultimatum did the FLQ demand of the government (federal and Quebec’s) ? What did they exchange if the government met these demands?

In exchange for Cross’s safe release, the FLQ demanded:

1. Government must release FLQ members serving sentences for criminal acts;

2. To broadcast the FLQ’s manifesto (political goals) on the radio;

3. To grant the kidnappers safe passage to another country

PRM

What did the governments agree to do abt this ultimatum? How did the FLQ take this and what did they do in response? What did Trudeau (Pierre) decide to do?

• Federal and Quebec governments agreed to broadcast the manifesto and to let the kidnappers leave the country but refused to release FLQ criminals from jail

• In response, on October 10, the FLQ kidnapped Quebec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte

• Trudeau decided to take drastic action with re-implementing the War Measures Act

What was Trudeau’s thought process on implementing the War Measures Act again? What did he think it would do to benefit the situation?

Trudeau said a potentially revolutionary situation existed in Quebec and he asked Parliament to impose the War Measures Act to give the government more power to “deal with the situation”

What did the War Measures Act give in terms of their power and ability to do things? What did ppl in Canada (like civilians) lose in turn? How did it affect the FLQ members?

• Gave the government special powers such as:

• Membership in the FLQ became a criminal offense

• Any person could be arrested and detained without being charged with an offence

• Every person in Canada lost normal civil rights, such as the right to consult a lawyer and refuse to talk to police

When did troops start to control Montreal and Ottawa streets in order to deal with the FLQ crisis? How many ppl were arrested and who were the ppl arrested (what did they believe in)? What was the public opinion on this vs Trudeau’s opinion on it?

• October 16, 1970:  troops began to control Montreal and Ottawa streets

• Hundreds of pro-separatist Quebeckers arrested in pre-dawn raids 

• Some people questioned these tactics but Trudeau deemed them necessary in order to combat terrorism

What was found (after the troops in Ottawa?)? What was the cause of death? What did this cause for the government?

• The next day, an abandoned car was found with the dead body of Pierre Laporte

• He had been strangled

• Increased pressure on government to crack down on FLQ and find James Cross (still in hostage)

What happened two months after Pierre Laporte was found dead? What did the government do after they found him (to the kidnappers)? What happened in terms of the War Measures Act? What were the long-term effects of the FLQ crisis? What did ppl think abt the War Measures Act being re-implemented? What was made clear abt Quebec thru this crisis?

• Two months later, James Cross was found, the kidnappers permitted safe passage to Cuba, and those detained under the War Measures Act were released

• Long-term effects:  some argued that the use of the War Measures Act increased support for separatism.  Also, it was clear that the issue of Quebec’s place in Canada was a pressing problem that needed to be addressed

Why did the USA Navigators fly close to Russian borders (during the Cold War)?

Because of the routine to probe the radar defenses of the Soviet border. To know the location of the air defenses.

What happened to the pilots of the USA navigator flights (McKone and company)?

They would parachute to safety but became POWs (2 of them did) and the others had died in mid-air. (the other 2)

Ballistic Early Warning Radars were located where?

Alaska, Greenland and England.

How long did the Cold War go on?

45 years-1947-1991

What did the Russians believe of the Americans and vice versa?

Thought that the other wanted to take over the world and that they had to protect it

When Russians dropped the largest bomb the world had ever seen, what was it equivalent to? How far away could people feel it?

It was equivalent to more than 50 million tonnes of TNT-more than all the explosives used in WW2. People could feel it 50 miles away

Kennedy takes up a challenge to do what?

To keep developing nuclear weapons to maintain superiority (to the Soviet Union)

How did the public in the West respond to the nuclear arms race?

By turning against the arms build up and testing of the bomb.-protested against it

What was the purpose of striking only military sites versus Russian cities?

Casualties would be less-this doesn’t really matter though since the nuclear effects would spread regardless- civilians would still be affected

Was kinda an attempt to make nuclear war morally acceptable and deceive one’s self.

Why was the Cuban Missile Crisis so significant?

Because it showed just how close to the edge of nuclear warfare the world was standing

What was the Limited Test Ban Treaty?

Ban atmospheric testing-because it hurt the planet

What was the HOTLINE?

It was a line of communication between the states and the USSR-because they realized they had to have better contact

After the Cuban Missile Crisis, what did the Soviets decide to do?

Build up a bunch of nuclear forces

What is MAD?

Mutually Assured Destruction

What does Robert McNamara, US Secretary of Defense, say that MAD is about?

That only way to have stability in the nuclear world was that either side could kill 25-50 percent of the others populationn

What happened to Peter Watkins “War Game”?

BBC banned it and wasn’t seen on TV for 20 years-because it was so horrific

Why did Americans not take civil defense methods seriously?

Because it preserved some lives but not all and life after wouldn’t be worth living.

What was a broken arrow?

A lost nuclear bomb

How many arrows did America have? And the USSR?

14 for America and it was unknown for the USSR.-check

What was an ABM?

Anti-Ballistic Missiles

How did the ABM put the USSR ahead of the USA?

It could protect from a nuclear missile strike

What was a MRV?

Multiple Multi-targeted re-entry vehicle

It’s basically a cluster bomb-a bunch of missiles on one

How did the MRV solidify the American’s nuclear superiority?

Because the Soviet Union would need way more ABMs to counter the MRVs

By 1969 how much was each superpower spending on nuclear construction per day?

More than 50 million/day-large number in 1969-neither could keep this up

What was SALT - and its purpose?

It was an agreement to limit ABMs and limit the progression of the arms race basically

It stands for Strategic Arms Limitations Talks

What did the Canadian government do specifically in order to help support returning soldiers?- include what charter, how much money set aside to help them, how much money they could get for clothing and life insurance, how much they got for each 30 days of service and how much a private would get with that after 3 years, and finally, what they did for their jobs between 1944-46

• To be generous to its soldiers Canada passed the Veteran’s Charter in 1944

• $1.2 billion was set aside to help them 

• They could claim $100 for clothing, 10,000 life insurance

• $7.50 for each 30 days of service – a private with 3 yrs service could collect about $500 

• 1944-46 – 300,000 women (25% of female workers) left their jobs

After the war, what aspect of life did many soldiers have difficulty adjusting to? Wat happened in terms of marriages and divorces and how did this change in 1947? What importance was placed after the war? What type of image was idealized and what could this be described as ig-also include how many women worked outside the home by 1951 because of this

• Many soldiers had difficulty adjusting to ‘civvy street’ (another term for civilian life) (Reflected in magazine fiction)

• Tension – year after war – record in marriages and divorces. By 1947 the divorce rate began to decline

• Reaction - More importance placed on traditional gender roles

• Idealized image of ‘normal’ family life – a middle class illusion (by 1951 25% of women worked outside the home)

In terms of the Baby Boom, specifically how many babies were born from 1946-55 and by 1961? By the end of the Boom (1964), how many babies started being born at a hospital and how did this differ from the previous generation? What became new in terms of jobs and media due to the boom? What was the trend in raising children and how did it differ form the 1900s?

• 1946-1955 – 3.9 million babies; By 1961 – 6.7 million (Total 1961 - 18,238,247)

• By end of the boom (1964) – 9/10 born in hospitals (Previous generation largely born at home (From 1/5 just after the war)

• What’s new - child psychologists, public health nurses – 100s of books, articles, radio shows focus on how to raise children well

• Trend to permissiveness (from 1900s sternness) – for fear of harming child’s mental health