Neurology For Exam 1 (Reduced Version)

Where are the ventricles located?

in the subcortex

what many ventricles do we have

4 total

2-lateral

1-thirds that connects the two lateral onces

1-between the cerebellum and the brainsteam

what are ventricles filled with

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Basal ganglia

collection of 5 nuclei that influences movement (does not cuase it)

where is the basal ganglia located

deep in the cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem

where does the basal ganglia receive information from

the cortex

direct pathway of basal ganglia

responsible for making all volunary movements

relys on dopamine to excite

basal ganglia is less involved (simplar)

indirect pathway of basal ganglia

responsible for preventing unwanted movements from hindering voluntary movements

relies on dopamine to supress movements

basal ganglia is more involved (complex)

what other structure does the basal ganglia inhibit

thalamus (limits its encouragment of movements)

3 key parts of the limbic system

cingulate gyrus

amygdala

hippocampus

what is the purpose of the limbic system

motivtation, emotional behavor, sexual drive, long term memory formation and retreival

what is the purpose of the cingulate gyrus

connects emotions with actions

Bridge between limbic system to frontal lobe

what is the purpose of the amygdala

fear and anxiety processing center

what is the purpose of the hippocampus

file clerk of memory, filling new inforamtion and retreving old memories, attention, and navigation throughout space

cortical spinal tract

on the top part of the cortex

contralateral

one nerve controls each specific movement

cortical bulbar tract

on the side of the cortex

bilateral

more protective since two nerouns control each thing

where is prodecural memory located

basal ganglia

what disease affects the hippocampus

Alzheimer's

cingulate gyrus

carries the limbic system's informaiton to the prefrontal cortex

what is another name for the cerebellum

little brain

what is the primary job of the cerebellum

smooth and accurate movements

what is the secondary job of the cerebellum

cognition, motor skills, language, attention, and emotional regulation

where is the location of the cerebellum

in the skull base (posterior cranial fossa)

below cerebrum

posterior to the brain stem (by the 4th ventricle)

what does the cerebellum detect

errors in movement

Is the cerebellum ipsilateral or contralateral?

ipsilateral

it has two hemispheres

no crossing over (the left hemisphere controls the left foot)

anterior lobe of cerebellum

forms the superior 1/3rd of the cerebellum

receives proprioceptive information

posterior lobe of the cerebellum

forms that inferior 2/3rds of the cerebellum and is further subdivided into lobules

controls widespread coordination, espicially lower extremities

flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum

a smaller lobe tucked under the posterior lobe

receives information from vestibular system

vermis of cerebellum

connects cerebellar hemispheres

looks like a worm

what are the three steps in the cerebellum motor plan

1) receives the motor plan (input)

2) provided with correct proprioception information from the body (input)

3) carries out adjustments/corrections to the motor plan (output to the cortex)

signs of damage of the cerebellum

ataxia, nystagmus, tremor, dizziness, dysdiadokinesis, dysarthria, dysmetria

causes of cerebellar decline

degenerative diseases, tumor, trauma, stroke

how to recover from deep cerebellar injuries

typically they are long lasting, chronic, and not treatable

how to recover from superficial cerebellar injuries

they can improve with time and therapy

what is the difference between the cerebellum and the basal ganglia

cerebellum: controls ongoing adjustments, revision of the motor plan to achieve a smooth and accurate result

basal ganglia: controls timing and initiation of direct and indirect muscles/movements

what does innervation mean

brining nervous energy to muscles

contralateral innervation

providing innervation to the opposite side of the body (decussation)

bilateral innervation

providing innervation to both sides of the body

corticospinal tract

decussates in the lower medulla at a location called the pyramids

what is the pathway of the cortiocspinal tract

message starts in the specific hemisphere, then it travels on the corticospnal tract until it gets to the medulla where it decussates before going to the spinal cord

then it synapese with a specific motor neuron

corticobulbar tract

decussates just above the point of synapses with a cranical nerve

more complex (redundant than the corticospinal tract)

what is the pathway of the corticobulbar tract

lower part of the motor strip enters the specific part of the brainstem, part of the nerve goes left, some goes right (bilateral)

what 4 roles does the brainstem have

1) connects the brain to the body

2) the place where our PNS and CNS connect

3) connect the cerebellum to the rest of the body

4) controls our heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, swallowing, and alertness

what cranial nerves pass through the midbrain

CN III and CN IV

what cranial nerves pass through the pons

CN V

CN VI

CN VII

CN VIII

What cranial nerves pass through the medulla

CN IX

CN X

CN XI

CN XII

Key parts of the midbrain

superior cerebellar peduncles

corticospinal and bulbar tracts

cerebral aquduct

CN III and CN IV

Substantia Nigra

Reticular formation

Key parts of the Pons

Middle cerebellar peduncles

cortiospinal and bulbar tract

CN V, VI, VII, VIII

Recticular formation

Key parts of the Medulla

inferior cerebellar peduncles

corticospinal and bulbar (some) tract

CN IX, X, XI, XII

Pyramids

point of decussation for corticospinal tract

recticular formation

what is CN I

Olfactory nerve

what does CN I do

smell,

dendrites protrude into nasal cavity through the cribriform plate,

Nerve ends in the temporal lobe

what is CN II

Optic Nerve

what is the role of CN II

does NOT do eye movement

Allows you to see

what is CN III

oculomotor

what is the function of CN III

eye movement

what is CN IV

trochlear

what is the role of CN IV

downward and inward eye movement

what is CN VI

abducens

what is the role of CN VI

light adjustment, focus

What is CN V

trigeminal

what is the role of CN V

Pain, temp, touch (afferent)

Mastication muscles (efferent)

what is CN VII

the Facial nerve

what is the role of CN VII

Motor: all muscles of facial expression, some salivary and tear glads, stapedius msucle (efferent)

Sensation: taste (anterior 2/3 or tongue) (afferent)

what is CN VIII

Vestibulocochlear

what is the role of CN VIII

hearing through the cochlea, balance information and hearing

what is CN IX

Glossopharyngeal

what is the role of CN IX

Sensation of the throat and taste (afferent)

stomach and intestines-IBS is caused by this nerve (afferent)

Salivia producer (efferent)

controls food from coming through nose (velum efferent)

what is CN X

Vagus

what is the role of CN X

Sensation of stomach, intestines, larynx, pharynx, and taste (afferent)

Moves vocal folds, squeezes pharynx, squeezes esophagus (efferent)

what is CN XI

accessory

what is the role of CN XI

shoulder shrug, head turn (efferent)

what is CN XII

Hypoglossal (GSE)

what is the role of CN XII

tongue movement (efferent)

are cranial nerves bilaterally innervatted

yes

what CN are not bilaterally innervated

CN VII (lower face)

CN XII (tongue movement)

if you mouth somthing, what nerve control that

CN VII

what nerve does a dentist temporary disable

CN V

what nerve operates vocal folds

CN X

if you have a sore throat, what nerves are telling your brain

CN IX and X

what CN moves food around in your mouth

CN XII

what CN registers taste

CN VII, IX, and X

what CN helps to keep food in your mouth

XII

what CN helps to squeeze food through your pharynx

CN X

what CN squeezes food in your esophagus

CN X