Neurology For Exam 1 (Reduced Version)

almost all cranial nerve content was removed

Where are the ventricles located?

in the subcortex

what many ventricles do we have

4 total

2-lateral

1-thirds that connects the two lateral onces

1-between the cerebellum and the brainsteam

what are ventricles filled with

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Basal ganglia

collection of 5 nuclei that influences movement (does not cause it)

where is the basal ganglia located

deep in the cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem

where does the basal ganglia receive information from

the cortex

direct pathway of basal ganglia

responsible for making all volunary movements

relys on dopamine to excite

basal ganglia is less involved (simplar)

indirect pathway of basal ganglia

responsible for preventing unwanted movements from hindering voluntary movements

relies on dopamine to supress movements

basal ganglia is more involved (complex)

what other structure does the basal ganglia inhibit

thalamus (limits its encouragment of movements)

3 key parts of the limbic system

cingulate gyrus

amygdala

hippocampus

what is the purpose of the limbic system

motivtation, emotional behavor, sexual drive, long term memory formation and retreival

what is the purpose of the cingulate gyrus

connects emotions with actions

Bridge between limbic system to frontal lobe

what is the purpose of the amygdala

fear and anxiety processing center

what is the purpose of the hippocampus

file clerk of memory, filling new inforamtion and retreving old memories, attention, and navigation throughout space

cortical spinal tract

on the top part of the cortex

contralateral

one nerve controls each specific movement

cortical bulbar tract

on the side of the cortex

bilateral

more protective since two nerouns control each thing

where is prodecural memory located

basal ganglia

what disease affects the hippocampus

Alzheimer's

cingulate gyrus

carries the limbic system's informaiton to the prefrontal cortex

what is another name for the cerebellum

little brain

what is the primary job of the cerebellum

smooth and accurate movements

what is the secondary job of the cerebellum

cognition, motor skills, language, attention, and emotional regulation

where is the location of the cerebellum

in the skull base (posterior cranial fossa)

below cerebrum

posterior to the brain stem (by the 4th ventricle)

what does the cerebellum detect

errors in movement

Is the cerebellum ipsilateral or contralateral?

ipsilateral

it has two hemispheres

no crossing over (the left hemisphere controls the left foot)

what are the three steps in the cerebellum motor plan

1) receives the motor plan (input)

2) provided with correct proprioception information from the body (input)

3) carries out adjustments/corrections to the motor plan (output to the cortex)

signs of damage of the cerebellum

ataxia, nystagmus, tremor, dizziness, dysdiadokinesis, dysarthria, dysmetria

causes of cerebellar decline

degenerative diseases, tumor, trauma, stroke

what is the difference between the cerebellum and the basal ganglia

cerebellum: controls ongoing adjustments, revision of the motor plan to achieve a smooth and accurate result

basal ganglia: controls timing and initiation of direct and indirect muscles/movements

what does innervation mean

bringing nervous energy to muscles

contralateral innervation

providing innervation to the opposite side of the body (decussation)

bilateral innervation

providing innervation to both sides of the body

corticospinal tract

decussates in the lower medulla at a location called the pyramids

what is the pathway of the cortiocspinal tract

message starts in the specific hemisphere, then it travels on the corticospnal tract until it gets to the medulla where it decussates before going to the spinal cord

then it synapese with a specific motor neuron

corticobulbar tract

decussates just above the point of synapses with a cranical nerve

more complex (redundant than the corticospinal tract)

what is the pathway of the corticobulbar tract

lower part of the motor strip enters the specific part of the brainstem, part of the nerve goes left, some goes right (bilateral)

what 4 roles does the brainstem have

1) connects the brain to the body

2) the place where our PNS and CNS connect

3) connect the cerebellum to the rest of the body

4) controls our heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, swallowing, and alertness

Key parts of the midbrain

superior cerebellar peduncles

corticospinal and bulbar tracts

cerebral aquduct

CN III and CN IV

Substantia Nigra

Reticular formation

Key parts of the Pons

Middle cerebellar peduncles

cortiospinal and bulbar tract

CN V, VI, VII, VIII

Recticular formation

Key parts of the Medulla

inferior cerebellar peduncles

corticospinal and bulbar (some) tract

CN IX, X, XI, XII

Pyramids

point of decussation for corticospinal tract

recticular formation

are cranial nerves bilaterally innervatted

yes