Lecture 8: current issues in endemic and emerging zoonotic diseases

mpox

emerging zoonotic disease caused by monkey pox

double stranded DNA

orthopoxvirus

when was the first human case of Mpox recorded in

1970

mpox is isolated in

rodents, non human primates and mammals

how is mpox transmitted

• Respiratory or oral secretions

• Close physical contact

• Touching sores or body fluids

• Touching personal belongings that have had contact with sores.

bites, scratches, preparation of meat

risk factors associated with human Mpox

• Exposure to infected animals

• Close contact with infectious lesions or body fluids

• Sexual contact with infected individuals

• Travel to areas with active transmission

• Immunosuppressive conditions such as HIV

signs of symptoms of mpox

new unexplained rash develops into hard, round, fluid or pus filled skin lesions

• fever

• swollen lymph nodes

• muscle aches

• chills

rash develops within 1 to 3 days after fever

what was the 2003 outbreak of Mpox associated with

shipment from ghana to Texas of approx 800 small mammals representing 9 different species including 6 types of rodents

mpox incubation period

7.6 days

mpox is diagnosed using

real time PCR tests

clinician should collect what for mpox

two swabs from each lesion

mpox prevention

• Behavioral changes

• Vaccination (pre- and post- exposure)

• Appropriate isolation

• Hygiene measures

in africa people in contact with what will have the highest chance of contact

rodents and squirrels

outside of africa what specific types of humans is mpox signs seen

gay, bisexual, or other mean who have sex with men

what year was the highest amount of mpox in africa

2022

what mpox case in the US has increased in frequency since march 2026

clade I

more than half of all US cases were diagnosed in people who

• Had recently traveled to areas associated with the outbreak in Central and

Eastern Africa;

• Had recently traveled to parts of Western Europe where newer outbreaks are being reported; OR

❑ Were linked to people who had traveled from these areas

how many mpox cases in US in 2026

867

since 2005 how many PHEIC declarations has there been

8

when a tick bites you it can transfer

alpha gel from its saliva into a person’s blood

when will you see AGS reaction

when you eat red meat you will see an allergic response

what tick is most known to transfer AGS

lone star

what percent of vector borne disease are through ticks

77%

where do most AGS cases occur

southern, midwesterm and mid atlantic

symptoms of AGS

• Hives or itchy rash

• Nausea or vomiting

• Severe stomach pain

• Heartburn or indigestion

• Diarrhea

• Cough, shortness of breath, or difficulty breathing

• Drop in blood pressure

• Swelling of the lips, throat, tongue, or eyelids

• Dizziness or faintness

• A combination of symptoms referred to as anaphylaxis

AGS delayed anaphylaxis

symptoms start at least 2 hrs post meal

all patients report meat consumption prior

diagnosis AGS

• A physical examination

• A detailed patient history

• A test for antibodies the body produces in response to alpha-gal

AGS treatment and prevention

• No specific treatment or cure

• No preventive therapies (other than tick avoidance)

• The best way to prevent AGS is to avoid tick bites

opportunities for IPP

During/after zoonotic cases

Local Board of Health

Local Emergency Preparedness

State Veterinary Board

Public Health conferences

Journal article authorship

Joint continuing education