UNIT VIII THE AGE OF ABSOLUTISM (1)-1

Absolutism

A political system in which a ruler holds total power over the government and the lives of the people.

Thomas Hobbes

Political philosopher who argued in favor of absolute power for rulers in his book Leviathan (1651).

L’ État c’est moi

French phrase meaning 'I am the state,' expressing Louis XIV's view of his authority.

Versailles Palace

The magnificent palace built by Louis XIV, symbolizing the absolute power and wealth of the French monarchy.

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Finance minister under Louis XIV who implemented reforms to enhance France's economy and strengthen the state.

Louis XIV

The 'Sun King,' ruler of France from 1643 to 1715, renowned for his absolute monarchy.

Pragmatic Sanction

A document signed by European countries to recognize Maria Theresa's right to rule Austria.

Frederick II the Great

The greatest ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia known for his military victories and territorial gains.

War of the Austrian Succession

Conflicts from 1740 to 1748 involving multiple European powers over the right of Maria Theresa to inherit the throne.

Peter the Great

Czar of Russia who reformed the state, westernized Russia, and expanded its territory.

Glorious Revolution

The 1688 revolution in England that resulted in the overthrow of King James II and establishment of William and Mary as rulers.

Bill of Rights (1689)

A document that established limits on the powers of the monarchy and laid down the rights of Parliament in England.

John Locke

English philosopher whose ideas about natural rights and government influenced revolutionary thought, particularly in America.

Natural Rights

Fundamental rights that every individual is born with, described by Locke as 'life, liberty, and property.'

Toleration Act (1689)

Legislation that granted religious tolerance to Protestants, reducing religious tensions in England.

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the Parliamentarian army during the English Civil War and later Lord Protector of England.

The Exclusion Crisis

A political conflict between Whigs and Tories aiming to prevent James II from ascending the throne.

Huguenots

French Protestants who faced persecution and were compelled to convert to Catholicism after the Edict of Nantes was revoked.