✨🫀 "Have a Heart! (And Study It Too)" 🫀✨
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104 Terms
What is the primary function of the heart?
To pump blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients.
Where is the heart located?
In the mediastinum, between the lungs, with the apex at the 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line.
What are the layers of the heart wall?
Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium.
What is the function of the pericardium?
Protects the heart and reduces friction during contraction.
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.
Which heart chamber has the thickest myocardium and why?
The left ventricle; it pumps blood to the entire body.
What are the two circulatory circuits of the heart?
Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit.
What is the function of the right atrium?
Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava.
What is the function of the right ventricle?
Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk.
What is the function of the left atrium?
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins.
What are the atrioventricular (AV) valves?
Tricuspid (right) and Bicuspid/Mitral (left).
What are the semilunar valves?
Pulmonary (right ventricle → lungs) and Aortic (left ventricle → body).
What prevents backflow of blood in the heart?
Heart valves.
What prevents AV valve prolapse during systole?
Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles.
What is the blood flow pathway through the heart?
SVC/IVC → RA → Tricuspid → RV → Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins → LA → Mitral Valve → LV → Aortic Valve → Aorta → Body.
What is the pacemaker of the heart?
The sinoatrial (SA) node.
Where is the AV node located?
In the interatrial septum.
What does the AV node do?
Delays the electrical impulse to allow ventricles to fill before contraction.
What is the function of the Purkinje fibers?
Conduct electrical impulses through the ventricles for contraction.
What is the electrical pathway of the heart?
SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Right & Left Bundle Branches → Purkinje fibers.
What does the P wave represent?
Atrial depolarization.
What does the QRS complex represent?
Ventricular depolarization.
What does the T wave represent?
Ventricular repolarization.
What happens during the PR interval?
The electrical impulse travels from the SA node to the AV node.
What can an elevated ST segment indicate?
Myocardial infarction (heart attack).
What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?
Atrial systole, Ventricular systole, Diastole.
What causes the first heart sound (S1 - "lubb")?
The closing of the AV valves.
What causes the second heart sound (S2 - "dupp")?
The closing of the semilunar valves.
What is cardiac output (CO)?
CO = Stroke Volume (SV) × Heart Rate (HR).
What factors affect cardiac output?
Preload, contractility, afterload.
What is a heart murmur?
An abnormal heart sound due to turbulent blood flow.
What is pericarditis?
Inflammation of the pericardium.
What is angina pectoris?
Chest pain due to temporary myocardial ischemia.
What is hypoxia?
A lack of oxygen in tissues.
What is ischemia?
A reduction in blood supply to tissues.
What is tachycardia?
A heart rate greater than 100 bpm.
What is bradycardia?
A heart rate less than 60 bpm.
What is atrial flutter?
Rapid but regular atrial contractions.
What is mitral valve prolapse?
When the mitral valve doesn't close properly.
What is myocardial infarction?
A heart attack caused by blocked coronary circulation.
What does the sympathetic nervous system do to the heart?
Increases heart rate and contractility.
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do to the heart?
Decreases heart rate via the vagus nerve.
What hormone increases heart rate?
Epinephrine (adrenaline).
What receptors detect blood pressure changes?
Baroreceptors.
Where are baroreceptors located?
In the aortic arch and carotid sinuses.
What is the dicrotic notch?
A small dip in arterial pressure after aortic valve closure.
What is auscultation?
The act of listening to heart sounds with a stethoscope.
What is stroke volume (SV)?
The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat.
What is preload?
The amount of stretch in the heart before contraction.
What is afterload?
The resistance the ventricles must overcome to eject blood.
What type of muscle is found in the heart?
Cardiac muscle.
What are intercalated discs?
Specialized junctions in cardiac muscle that contain gap junctions and desmosomes.
What is the function of gap junctions in cardiac muscle?
Allow rapid ion flow for synchronized contraction.
What is the function of desmosomes in cardiac muscle?
Provide mechanical strength by anchoring cardiac cells together.
How does cardiac muscle differ from skeletal muscle?
Cardiac muscle is branched, uninucleate, and autorhythmic.
What is the function of the SA node?
It acts as the pacemaker of the heart, initiating electrical impulses.
What is the role of the AV node?
Delays impulse (~0.1s) to allow ventricular filling.
What is the only electrical connection between atria and ventricles?
The AV bundle (Bundle of His).
Which structures conduct impulses through the ventricles?
Right and left bundle branches & Purkinje fibers.
What is autorhythmicity?
The heart's ability to generate its own electrical impulses.
What are the phases of a cardiac action potential?
Depolarization, Plateau, Repolarization.
What causes the depolarization phase in cardiac cells?
Na+ influx.
What ion maintains the plateau phase?
Ca²⁺ influx.
What causes repolarization in cardiac cells?
K+ efflux.
Why is the cardiac refractory period important?
Prevents tetany (sustained contraction).
What does the PR interval represent?
Time for impulse to travel from SA node to ventricles.
Which wave represents atrial depolarization?
P wave.
Which complex represents ventricular depolarization?
QRS complex.
Which wave represents ventricular repolarization?
T wave.
What does an elevated ST segment indicate?
Myocardial infarction.
What happens during atrial systole?
Atria contract and push blood into ventricles.
What happens during ventricular systole?
Ventricles contract, forcing blood into arteries.
What is diastole?
Relaxation phase where chambers fill with blood.
Which valves close during S1 ("Lubb")?
AV valves (Tricuspid & Mitral/Bicuspid).
Which valves close during S2 ("Dupp")?
Semilunar valves (Aortic & Pulmonary).
How do you calculate cardiac output (CO)?
CO = Stroke Volume (SV) × Heart Rate (HR).
What factors influence cardiac output?
Preload, contractility, afterload.
Which nervous system increases heart rate?
Sympathetic Nervous System (via norepinephrine).
Which nervous system decreases heart rate?
Parasympathetic Nervous System (via vagus nerve).
What is fibrillation?
Rapid, uncoordinated heart contractions.
What is myocardial infarction (MI)?
A heart attack caused by blocked coronary circulation.
What is congestive heart failure (CHF)?
Weakened heart function leading to fluid buildup.
What is blood pressure (BP)?
Force of blood against arterial walls.
What is systolic pressure?
Pressure during ventricular contraction.
What is diastolic pressure?
Pressure during ventricular relaxation
What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
MAP = Diastolic + (1/3 Pulse Pressure)
What factors influence blood pressure?
Cardiac output, vessel resistance, blood volume.
What is the purpose of coronary circulation?
To supply blood to the heart muscle itself.
What arteries supply oxygen to the heart?
Right & Left Coronary Arteries.
What is the major vein that drains the heart?
Coronary sinus.
What happens if a coronary artery is blocked?
Myocardial infarction (heart attack).
The middle layer of the heart wall is called _________. It is made of what specific type of tissue?
myocardium and cardiac muscle tissue
What chamber receives blood from the pulmonary circuit?
left atrium
What chamber ejects blood to the systemic circuit?
left ventricle
The _____________ is the developmental remnant of an opening between atria.
fossa ovalis
Name ONE difference between cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells?
Autorhythmic
Spontaneous initiation of the heartbeat takes place at the _____________.
SA node
Conduction: R/L bundle branches -> ________________
Purkinje Fibers
The average heart beat takes ______ seconds.
0.8 seconds per beat
During the __________ phase of the cardiac cycle AV valves are open and semilunar valves are closed.
Late ventricular systole