Cell Bio Exam 1

living things

all are made up of cells

cells

are the basic unit of structure and function but not all are the same

bacteria

are very small (ex. Lactobacillus is only a few micrometers -~25x smaller than the width of a hair)

cilia, flagellum, microvilli, cell wall

4 different variation in shapre, motility and coverings:

cilia

move by swimming (like jellyfish)

flagellum

move with a tail (like helicopter)

microvilli

is for filtering and absorbtion

temperature, pH, salinity, oxygen content

4 types of variation in tolerance:

proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

4 types of macromolcules/biomolecules in cells

chemistry, molecules, and internal molecule machinery

3 things cells share the same of:

NCHOPS

6 elements of life:

proteins

build the body/cell

lipids

are for insulation and communication

carbohydrates

are used to release energy

preexisting cells

cells come from ___ and use DNA to replicate (explains why cells are so fundamentally similar)

mutations

occur giving rise to genetic cariation, which can lead to selection (the basis for evolution)

3.5-3.8 billion

it is esimated tha tthis ancestral cell existed between _____ years ago

genome

provides not only the blueprints for the machinesy, but the entire behavior of the cell; is the entire sequence of nucleotides in an organism’s DNA

genes

everything has the same ___ but they are expressed differently (ex. making eyes different from fingers)

technological advances

continue to provide a better understanding of structures and funtions of cells

17th century

the first light microscopes came about in the _____

robert hooke

coined the term “cell” after looking at cork (saw dead particles and cell them cells) “cells are the basic unit of structure and function”

antoni leeuwenhoek

looked at bacteria from teeth scrapings (first one to see living cell) “all living things are made up of cells”

matthias schleiden

botanist that looked at plant cells

theodor schwann

zoologist that looked at animal tissues

rudolf virchow

confirmed that all cells come from other living things (all cells come from preexisting cells)

electron microscopes

were invented in the 1930s and allow for finer detail of the cells inner workings

light microscopes

thin slices of tissue are placed on a glass slide and light is focused on, and transmitted through the specimen (some need dye to better study structures)

florescence microscopes

allow for fine detail and resolution of particular structures using fluorescently labeled components

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

two types of electron microscopes:

electron microscopes

have the highest magnification and best resolution

transmission electron miscroscopes

tissue is embedded in a wax or resin and very thinly cut with special machines, dyes and stains are used for better contrast, beam of electrons transmitted through

scanning electron microscope

electrons are used to look at the surface of a cell/organism; usually coated in a fine metal such as gold

eukaryotes

have a nucleus (plants, animals, fungi, protist)

prokaryotes

no nucleus (bacteris and archaea)

protist

are the junk group of aukaryotes because they are animal and plant like

porkaryotic cells

are the most diverse and numerous cells on earth; contain no membrane bound organelles or nucleus; contain circular DNA and plasmids; reproduce via binary fission every 20 mins (producr over 8 billion in 11hrs)

spherical, rod-shaped, spiral

3 shapes of prokaryotes:

chemosynthesis and photosynthesis

prokarytes contain energy with :2

pathogenic and form symbiotic relationships

prokaryotes interact with human in 2 ways:

eukaryotes

contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles; specialization of cell and the formation of tissues

nucleus

encloses linear DNA and determines what we are

mitochondria

the power house of the cell

endosymbiotic theory

the theory that the mitochondria and chloroplast were its own (photosynthetic) bacterium but now has a relationship with the cell

cytosol/ cytoplasm

is the aqueous gel in which the organelles (small and large) are suspended; many chemical reactions take place here

cytoskeleton

create the structure of the cell

is not

the size of the organisms ____ related to the size of the genome

plasma membrane

separate itself (the cell) from the environment

DNA/ nucleus

store genetic information

ribosomes, ER, golgi

make proteins in the cell

cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts

obtain and use energy

membrane, ER, golgi, vesicles

transport materials

lysosomes, peroxisomes

removes/ recycle materials

cycoskeleton

maintain shape and move

DNA replication and cell division

how cells reproduce

aqueous solution

chemical reactions in the cell almost exclusively take place in ____ within a narrow range of temperatures

chemical compenent of cells

are based on carbon compounds, vastly complex, and made up of polymeric molecules

matter

anything with mass and volume

atom

smallest unit of an element

element

its purest substance with only one types of atom

molecule

its a combination of more than one atom (can be same or different)

compound

its the combination fo mroe than one different atom (have to be different)

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

the body (and cells in general) are made up primarily of four elements:

chemical bonds

allow for the building of molecules and marcomolecules which compose out cells

atomic weight

is the average weight of the atom

atomic number

is the number of protons in an atom (number of protons are equal to number of electrons)

mass number

the total number of protons and neutrons

valence electrons

the outermost electrons, determine how atoms interact

electronegativity

determines bond type; gets more going to the right on the periodic table

ionic bonding

transfers electrons between metals and non-metals; creates ions (charged particles), which thena re electrostatically attracted to each other; usually happens when only one or two electrons are needed to fill or be removed

cations

give away electrons making them positive

anions

take/ recieve electrons making it negative

covalent bonding

molecules within cells are held together by this; are formed when atoms share pairs of electrons to fill valence shells; can form single, double and triple bonds (strong bonds even in the presence of water)

polar covalent bonds

unequal sharing of electrons resulting in partial charge of atoms

more rigid

shorted bond lengths in molecules create ____ structures

decrease; increase

double and triple bonds ___ length and ____ bond strength

strength

of a bond is measured in the amount of energy needed to break the bond (kcal/mole or kj/mole)

hydrogen bonds

form between partially charged hydrogen atoms and typically partially charged oxygen or nitrogen; gives water many important properties and plays a role in structure (proteins, DNA)

nonpolar covalent bond

bonding electrons shared equally between two atoms; no charges on atoms

van der Waals attraction

attraction caused by temporary induced dipoles when atoms are very close; very weak individually

hydrophobic interaction

nonpolar groups cluster together to minimze contact with water

proton (H+)

when a highly polar bond between a hydrogen and another atom dissolves in water the hydrogen gives up its electron to the companion atom and becomes a positively charged hydrogen nucleus

hydronium ion

the H+ can associate with teh oxygen of a water molecule from H3O+

acids

substances that release protons in water when they dissolve

bases

contain molecules that accept protons when dissolved in water, which raises the concentration of OH- (hydroxyl ions)

buffer

weak acids and bases that can adjust the proton conentration; helps the pH stary at a specific level (resist change in pH)

carbon

is small but versatile; an element of life and it the backbone of so many molecules (forms different shapes: chains an rings); has 4 valence electrons

functional groups containing carbon

are found in many organic molecules and contain distinct chemical and physical properties

carbohydrates

are made up of monomers of simple sugars (monosaccharides); its role it to store energy, create structure

isomer

orientation of specific groups can change the sugar

disaccharies

two monosaccharied bound together by glyosidic bonds; condensation reactions are used to link sugar together and hydrolysis to break them apart

polysaccharides

multiple sugars linked together

simple sugars

carbohydrates that are readily used for energy production

starches and glycogen

carbohydrates that are used as stored energy

cellulose

plant cell walls

chitin

insect exoskeletons and fungal cell walls

oligosaccharides

(2-10 sugars linked) can be liked to lipids or proteins especially those int he cell membrane

glyolipid

lipids and sugars linked together

glycoproteins

proteins and sugars linked together

glycolipids and glycoproteins

play roles in cell communication, recognition, adhesion, and protection; make up rotion of slime and mucus (slippery when wet)