Biology - Chapter 7 - Animal coordination, control and homeostasis

What does the endocrine system consist of?

Glands which secrete hormones

What are hormones?

Small chemical molecules that are released into the blood stream

What do some tissues have for hormones?

Specific receptors

What does the pituitary gland do?

Tells the body what to do and tells the other glands to release their hormones

What does the thyroid gland release?

Thyroxine

What does thyroxine do?

Regulates metabolism, growth

What does the pituitary gland sometimes release to maintain levels within the body?

Thyroid stimulating hormoneT

What is the process of the pituitary gland releasing TSH known as?

Negative feedback

What do the adrenal glands release?

Adrenaline

What does the pancreas do?

Produces insulin, regulates blood glucose concentration

What do ovaries produce?

Oestrogen

What does the endocrine system rely on?

Hormones being transported by blood

When the hormones are released, do they act locally or generally and do they last long or short?

They act generally and last longer

What is menstruation?

The breakdown of the uterus lining

What does the uterus lining do in preparation for the egg?

Builds up

What is ovulation?

When the egg is released from the ovary

What does oestrogen do?

Stimulates the lining growth

What does progesterone do?

Maintains the uterus lining

Where is luteinising hormone (LH) produced?

Pituitary gland

What does LH do?

stimulates the release of the egg (ovulation)

Where is follicle stimulating hormone produced?

Pituitary gland

What does FSH do?

Stimulates the egg to mature in ovaries

What does homeostasis mean?

The regulation of conditions inside the body to maintain a stable internal environment, in response to both internal and external conditions

What do receptors do?

Detect a change

What do effectors do?

Carry out a response

What is blood-glucose concentration?

The amount of sugar in our bloodstream

What can a too high of glucose concentration cause?

damage to tissues

What are high glucose levels detected by?

The pancreas

What does insulin when released to tackle the high glucose concentrations?

Binds to certain receptors to absorb excess glucose

Where does insulin binding to glucose happen alot?

In the liver and muscles

What is glucagon?

A hormone that is released from the pancreas that increases blood glucose levels

What is glycogen?

A large molecule made up of glucose

What does glucagon bind to?

Liver cells in order to break down glycogen and release glucose into the blood

What is thermoregulation?

The control of internal body temperature

Where are the thermoregulatory receptors found?

In the skin and blood vessels

What happens when our body wants to warm up?

Blood vessels are constricted to conserve heat, contract muscles to make our hair stand on end, shivering

What happens when our body wants to cool down?

Blood vessels expand, hairs lie flat, sweat (causing the heat to evaporate off of our skin)

What is the function of the kidneys?

To filter the blood and remove waste that we do not want

What is deamination in terms of the kidneys?

The kidneys mainly remove urea which is made in the liver

What does the kidneys regulate?

Ions and water

What do kidneys have?

Nephrons and tubules which absorb small molecules (filtration)

What does the hypothalamus do?

Detects the concentration of water in the bloodstream

What does anti diuretic hormone (ADH) do?

Tells the kidneys to reabsorb more water

How is the kidneys process of filtration a negative feedback loop?

The body is constantly monitoring water levels and adjusting them to make them balance

What does blood constantly do through the kidneys?

Cycle through

How does blood travel into the kidneys?

Through the renal arteries

How does blood travel out of the kidneys?

Through the renal veins

What do the kidneys produce?

Urine

What does urine travel through?

The ureters into the bladder and released from the urethra

When filtering, what does everything pass through in the kidneys?

The glomerulus → bowman’s capsule → tubules

What are the consequences of kidney failure?

Waste substances build up in the body and the body is unable to regulate water and ion levels

What can mild kidney disease be treated with?

Medicines for life and kidney transplants

What is dialysis?

Artificial kidneys that filter patients blood

What are the problems with dialysis?

Time consuming, unpleasant, blood clots, infections, expensive

What are the benefits and risks of kidney transplants?

Cheaper, organ rejection

What does diabetes mean?

Patients cannot regulate blood glucose

What happens in type 1 diabetes?

The pancreas stops producing insulin

True or false, type 1 diabetes is lifelong.

True

What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?

Injecting insulin into the abdomen or thigh

What happens in type 2 diabetes?

Cells become resistant to insulin meaning they wont take glucose from the bloodstream

What type of people is type 2 diabetes seen in?

Older people and those with an unhealthy diet

How can type 2 diabetes be prevented/helped?

Healthy diet and exercise