Epistemological Frameworks, Theory Construction, and Criminal Liability in Criminology

Flashcards covering criminological epistemological frameworks, theory development, research designs, and legal definitions of criminal liability.

__________ is an epistemological framework based on the premise of a "real world" existing outside of human consciousness, where universal truths await discovery.

Objectivism

The belief that reality is a conscious creation of people, exemplified by the concept of crime being a social construct, is known as __________.

Constructivism

In __________, reality is seen as socially constructed through unconscious thoughts, dreams, and beliefs which are then imposed upon society.

Subjectivism

The Scientific Method is a non-linear, cyclical process that alternates between broad theories, observations, questions, __________, and systematic experimental testing.

hypotheses

A set of logically interconnected propositions explaining relationships between phenomena and enabling the derivation of testable hypotheses is called a __________.

Theory

The step in theory construction involving logical, universal, and uniform cause-effect links between independent and dependent variables is known as a __________.

Causal Relationship

In the evaluation of a theory, mathematical forms of postulates are termed __________.

laws

A theory consists of three elements: Concepts, __________, and Generalizations.

Assumptions

The three stages of theory development are Speculative, __________, and Constructive.

Descriptive

The ability of a theory to predict reality is known as __________ and is often measured by the variance explained or the $R\text{-squared}$ value.

Explanatory Power

According to the principle of __________, a theory is required to be potentially disprovable through empirical data matching and rival explanations.

Falsifiability

The preference for the simplest explanation utilizing the fewest variables is known as __________.

Parsimony

While __________ methods analyze phenomena to find general principles, deductive methods use observations to verify hypothesized principles.

Inductive

__________ research focuses on potential solutions to human and societal problems.

Applied

__________ research judges the effectiveness of programs, policies, or products via formative and summative data.

Evaluation

According to Gall, Borg, and Gall (1996), the second stage of conducting research is to __________.

Prepare proposal

The __________ design is used for the comprehensive study of individuals or groups to explain behavioral factors.

Case Study

A __________ design focuses on the impact of specific changes and requires empirical association, appropriate time order, and non-spuriousness.

Causal

The __________ design measures existing differences across groups at a single point in time.

Cross-sectional

The __________ design provides answers to who, what, when, where, and how regarding the current status of phenomena.

Descriptive

An investigation into issues with little prior research is called an __________ design.

Exploratory

__________ design involves repeated observations of the same sample over multiple time periods to track change.

Longitudinal

In an __________ design, subjects are unaware that they are being compared against a control group.

Unobtrusive

Crime is defined as an act (bodily movement) or __________ (failure to perform a positive duty) in violation of law.

omission

According to R.A. No.9344, sec. 40, __________ are acts or omissions punishable under special laws or the RPC.

Offenses

A __________ is an act or omission punishable by the RPC, committed through Dolo (deceit) or Culpa (fault).

Felony

The three requisites of Dolo or Malice are Freedom, Intelligence, and __________.

Intent

The requisites of Culpa include Freedom, Intelligence, and either __________ (lack of skill) or Negligence (lack of foresight).

Imprudence

Regarding the stages of criminal development, purely mental ideas are classified as __________ and are not punishable.

Internal Acts

According to the RPC, preparatory acts are generally not punishable, while acts of __________ are punishable.

Execution

In the __________ stage, overt acts have begun but not all actions required to produce a felony have been performed.

Attempted

The __________ stage occurs when all acts of execution are performed, but the felony does not result due to causes independent of the perpetrator's will.

Frustrated

A __________ stage is reached when there is successful accomplishment of all elements necessary for the crime.

Consummated

Only external acts are punishable under the concept of __________, which is a conscious, voluntary physical act defined as a crime by law.

Actus Reus

Specific Intent, General Intent, and __________ are the three categories of Mens Rea.

Strict Liability

Crimes where the person's state of mind is immaterial and conviction rests solely on the prohibited act are known as __________.

Strict Liability Crimes

The simultaneous presence of a guilty act and a guilty mind is referred to as the __________ of Actus Reus and Mens Rea.

Concurrence