Fundamentals of Water Supply System

Flashcards covering the fundamentals of water supply systems, including water sources, types, treatment methods, well classifications, pump types, and distribution systems.

Water (Liquid state)

A combination of hydrogen and oxygen that is 830 times heavier than air.

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Water weight (U.S. Gallon)

$$3.778\,kg / \text{U.S. Gallon}$$

Water weight (Cubic Meter)

$$1000\,kg / M^3$$

Hydrologic Cycle Phases

The three major phases are evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.

Surface Water

Water that collects on the surface of the earth, such as rivers, lakes, streams, and reservoirs.

Groundwater

Water located beneath the earth’s surface in soil pore spaces and rock formations, such as springs, wells, and aquifers.

Desalinated Water

Water obtained by removing salts from seawater or brackish water typically through reverse osmosis or distillation.

Potable Water

Water that is most advisable for human consumption.

Grey/Gray Water (Sullage)

Wastewater generated from wash hand basins, showers, and baths; it excludes discharge from laundry, dishwashers, and kitchen sinks.

Black Water

Wastewater containing fecal matter and urine, also known as foul water or sewage.

Distilled Water

Water that has had impurities removed by boiling it and then condensing the steam into a clean container.

Acidity (in water)

A problem caused by the entrance of oxygen and carbon dioxide, leading to corrosion of non-ferrous pipes.

Hardness (in water)

A condition caused by the presence of calcium and magnesium salts, leading to clogged pipes and impaired laundry use.

Aeration

The purification process of spraying water into the atmosphere to remove noxious gases such as carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide.

Coagulation & Precipitation

The addition of coagulants like ferrous sulfate and lime to form a gelatinous mass from suspended particles for easy removal.

Chlorination

A purification method where water is injected with hypo-chlorite or chlorine gas to kill harmful bacteria.

Direct Feed Type

A distribution system used when the water main pressure is adequate to supply all fixtures 24 hours a day.

Overhead Feed System

A distribution method where water is pumped to a large tank on top of a building and distributed to fixtures by gravity.

Driven Wells

Shallow wells approx. $9.14\text{--}15.2\,m$ ($30\text{--}50\,ft$) deep constructed by driving pipe into the ground.

Drilled Wells

Deep wells created with an air rotary drill, cased in 6-inch PVC or steel piping.

Lift Pump

A reciprocating pump that cannot raise water above $7.50\text{--}8.50\,m$ at normal atmospheric pressure ($101\,kPa$).

Hydraulic Ram

An automatic pump that depends on 'water hammer' (the surging back and forth of water) for its operation.

Bladder Tank

A water storage tank using a rubber membrane or diaphragm to separate the tank interior from the water.

Pneumatic Tank

A hydropneumatic vessel where compressed air is in direct contact with water to create pressure.

Suction Tank (Cistern)

Tanks constructed of riveted or welded steel plate intended to store at least one day's supply for a building.

Range Boiler

A small hot water tank made of galvanized sheet, steel, or copper, ranging from $0.30\text{--}0.60\,m$ in diameter.

Single Point Water Heater

A compact, instant-heating unit that delivers hot water to only one location, such as a shower.

Multipoint Water Heater

A compact, tankless unit that provides hot water to multiple points within a home.

Aquifers

Underground layers of rock from which water can be extracted, containing an estimated $98\%$ of all accessible freshwater.