English ALL LESSONS TERM 1

Drama

A form of literature intended for performance and presents human experiences through character, dialogue, and actions.

Character

A person in a story.

Protagonist

The main character.

Antagonist

The opponent.

Characterization

How a character is shown. It reveals the character's personality, traits, and thoughts (e.g., looks, weaknesses, strengths, emotions, reactions).

Flat Character

Has only one or two clear traits. This character is simple and does not show much depth.

Round Character

Is more realistic and fully developed. It has many sides of personality, emotions, and thoughts.

Static Character

This type of character does not change from the beginning to the end.

Dynamic Character

This type of character changes because of experiences or events in the story.

Conflict

A clash or struggle between opposing forces in a story.

Character vs. Self

A struggle inside the character's mind and heart.

Character vs. Character

A struggle between two or more characters.

Character vs. Nature

A struggle between a character and the natural world.

Character vs. Supernatural

A struggle between a character and supernatural forces (basically magic or powers).

Character vs. Technology

A struggle between a character and machines or technology.

Character vs. Society

A struggle between a character and the rules, laws, or beliefs of the society.

Plot

The sequence of events in a story—what happens from the beginning to end.

Exposition

The introduction of characters, settings, and events.

Rising Action

Events that build tension.

Climax

The turning point or peak of the story where tension is at its highest.

Falling Action

Events after the climax—tension starts to drop.

Resolution

The ending or conclusion.

Point of View

The perspective or lens through which a story is told.

First Person Point of View

The narrator is talking about themselves using pronouns such as I, me, mine, we, us, our, ours.

Second Person Point of View

The narrator talks to the reader directly using pronouns such as You, yours.

Third Person Point of View

The narrator talks about other people using pronouns such as He, she, they, them, their.

Spectacle

Is everything we see in a drama (ex: costumes, lighting, makeup, and movements)

Music

Is everything we hear in a performance (ex: background music, sound effects, and silence)

Dialogue

Is what the character says (ex: conversations between characters)

Foreshadowing

Is a hint or clue about what will happen in the future (ex: In romeo and juliet, romeo says something that suggests he might die soon. This gives a hint that something tragic might happen.)

Cliffhanger

Is when a story ends at an exciting or unresolved moment (ex: In the pickwick papers, each chapter ends without telling what happens next. The story is left hanging, making readers want to continue.)

Fast forward

Shows events that will happen in the future (ex: In a christmas carol, the character sees scenes from the future. These scenes shows what might happen later.)

Context

The background information. It includes events, characters, situation and helps readers understand the story

Biographical Context

The background information of the author. It includes life experience, beliefs and culture — these influence how they write.

Historical Context

The background of a text. It includes the time period, important events, and beliefs of people. It helps readers understand the deeper meaning of a story

Sociocultural Context

The social and cultural factors that influence literature. It includes customs, traditions, social class, and cultural values.

Psychological Context

Understanding a character's thoughts, emotions, and motivations, or the thoughts and feelings that affect behavior.

Actions

What a character does.

Motives/Motivation

The reasons for actions.

Emotions

The feelings of the characters.

Stream of Consciousness

A character's thoughts shown as they happen.

Freudian Psychological Theory

Focuses on hidden thoughts, fears, and desires.

Pre-Writing

The planning stage before writing a script, where writers think of ideas, choose a story concept, plan the characters, and arrange the scenes.

Film

A series of images shown quickly to create motion.

Script

A written guide for a film, play, or show.

Short Film

A film that is usually 30 minutes or less.

“What if” Formula

Helps make the story more interesting and better

Parts of a Character Sketch

Physical background, Sociological background and Phychological background

Physical background

name, age, appearance, health condition

Sociological background

family, status, school, community

Phychological background

personality, fears, dreams, past experiences, motivation

Drafting

Means writing the first version of the script

A script includes:

scene heading, action, character name, dialogue, parenthetical, transition

Scene heading

Also known as a slug line, tells the readers where a scene takes place

Literary Text

A piece of written material, such as poems, that has the purpose of entertaining. Its primary function as a text is usually aesthetics, but it may also contain political messages or beliefs.

Literary Devices

Techniques that writers use to create special effects, convey meaning, and enhance their writing.

Simile

Comparing one thing to another using 'like' or 'as' (similarities).

Metaphor

Comparison of two unlike things without 'like' or 'as' (differences).

Hyperbole

Exaggeration or overstatement.

Personification

Giving human qualities to animals or objects.

Onomatopoeia

A word that imitates a sound (e.g., 'boom', 'whoosh').

Imagery

The use of the five senses (touch, smell, sight, hearing, taste).

Irony

Contrast between expectations and reality.

Foreshadowing

Important hints that the author drops to prepare the readers for what is about to come.

Cliffhanger

An ending that leaves the audience wondering what will happen next.

Flashback

Takes the readers to the past which helps explain why a character behaves a certain way.

Fast forward

Shows the readers events from the future.