APWH #6

Queen Elizabeth I

Protestant queen of England(1558-1608); strengthened England, defeated Spanish Armada, promoted exploration

Phillip II

King of Spain(1556-1598); defender of Catholicism; launched the Spanish Armada against England

Queen Isabella & Ferdinand

Catholic monarchs of Spain; unified Spain, completed Reconquista, funded Columbus

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese prince; sponsored exploration of Africa and development if navigation schools.

Spanish Armada

Spanish fleet sent against England in 1588; defeated by Elizabeth I’s navy, marking decline of Spain’s naval power

Vasco da Gama

portuguese explorer; first to sail around Africa to India(1498), opening direct sea trade with Asia

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer for Spain; first expedition to circumnavigate the globe(1519-1522)

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer sponsored by Spain; reached the Americas in 1492 while seeking a route to Asia

Jacques Cartier

French explorer, claimed parts of Canada(st. lawrence river) for France in the 1500s

Francis Drake

English sea captain and privateer; raided spanish ships, circumnavigated globe, helped defeat Armada

Conquistadors

Spanish conquerors (like Cortes and Pizarro) who defeated native empires in the Americas 

Scientific Revolution

16-17th century- movement emphasizing observation, experimentation, and scientific method; challenged traditional beliefs

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador; conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico(1519-1521)

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador; conquered the Inca Empire in Peru(1530s)

Henry Hudson

English explorer; searched for Northwest Passage; explored Hudson River and Hudson Bay

Northwest Passage

Hypothetical sea route through North America to Asia sought by European explorers

Dutch Trading Empire

Commercial empire built on spice trade, colonies, and powerful fleets; dominated Indian ocean trade in 1600s

Java

Indonesian island; controlled by the Dutch as a base for their spice trade empire in Southeast Asia