Industrial Revolution

Pre-Industrial or Traditional Society

Lifestyle - community based, grew only what was needed 

Farming methods, fallow fields, no fences → no new ideas, disease, empty fields, each peasant owned strip of land  →need for more food 

Enclosure Movement- what? who benefited? who didn’t?

wealthy landlords put up fences →peasants lost land and had to rent it → landlords became wealthier

Crop Rotation

alfalfa and turnip, good for soil, replaced  empty fields, grain→oat→alfalfa and turnip

Jethro Tull’s seed drill 

-Reduced seed waste

-plants seed in well spaced rows at specific depth

Corn and Potato

new crops such as corn and potato to help feed people →lower deathrate→populaiton growth

Steam Engine - What? Why?

powered factories instead of traditionally using horse, oxen and water, factories no longer had to be near water

Whats coal used for?

-smelt iron

-steam engines

Iron’s Use and Why smelt?

-make factory machine and trains

-smelting iron make iron flexible and more durable

Connection?

• All Resources were abundant

• Iron industry grew

• GB became richer

Why is transportation important?

It is needed for trade and manufacturing

Roads

started 1760

govt. passed over 50 law to build more and better roads

Canals

1790-1794

govt. passed 89 laws to build new canals

Railroads

Alot of new railroads and trains for trade and mining.

Rich got richer by investing in railroads

Working condition and wages

• 12-14 work hrs 6 days aweek

• low wages some paid in vouchers

• dirty, dangerous, polluted air, locked →risk of losing limbs, and throat or lung infections

Child Labor

• paid 10% of adult male wages

• no time and appetite to eat→malnourished

• sick and deformed children

• beat for working slow

Changing Role of Women

• had housework after long shifts

• long work hrs

• less time spent with families

• deformed ribs and chest from wooden rods used to support backs

• high risk of lung disease

• ½ to 1/3 of men’s wages→earning had to be given to husbands

Coal Mines

• poorly lit, damp

• hot, coal was hand cut

• children and women crawl through narrow passes to pull carts of coal for 10-20 miles

• risk of lung disease and suffocation from poison gas

• frequent explosions from candle mixed with gas

Urbanization

• cramped houses

• population increase

• disease spread fast

• high crime rates

• poorly lit

• shorter lives

Education

• new laws

• financial support for working class

• workers still couldn’t read or write

• secondary school from technical training and industrial training

Changing Class Structure

• new social class of industrial capitalists

• growing middle class

• increase of lawyers, doctors, and merchants

• more urban poor, difficult to move up class because education was required but working kids are pre-occupied 

Industrial Production

• British industries profit and develop

• Dominate cloth, coal, iron, and railway industries

• expensive machine and technology

Modern Buildings

• upper class seperated from slums

• City Halls, Stock exchanges, and Opera Houses

• Crystal Palace

• Row houses and spacious 5-6 story apartments

Modern Inventions

• vaccinations 1776

• telephone 1876

• light bulb 1879

• x-ray 1895

Public Health Act of 1875

• required streets to be cleaned and lit

• bath and wash houses to promote personal hygiene and stop disease

1833: Althorpe Act: Improvement in child labor

Banned employment for children under the age of nine. Mandatory for children to attend school. Mine workers can no longer employ children under 10 or women.

Karl Marx

born in 1818 to middle class in germany

outraged by unequal distribution of wealth and worker exploitation.

Communist league: group dedicated to destroy rich middle class

Workers revolt

working overtake upper class

Social Darwinism

• people aren’t equal

• Survival of the fittest

• Poor are left to die, remain poor

• government shouldn’t pass laws to help the poor