Animal Science 2

Roughages

High fiber

low digestibility

typically fed to ruminants

grasses and silage

Concentrates

high digestibility

less fiber

grains, molasses

What feeds are very calorie and energy dense

Corn, soyhulls, molasses

What feeds are mostly protein

Soybean meal, fish meal, blood meal, DDGS

What are the by-products of corn DRY production (Ethanol)

DDGS ( dried distilers grains)

By- product of soybean production

Soybean Meal (SBM)

By- product of wheat production

Wheat midds

What are the by products of corn WET production (corn syrup)

corn gluten

Nutrient used to mobilize food, maintain body temperature, gives the body its shape

Water

DM content of pasture

25%

DM content of Silage

40%

DM content of Grains

90%

Water content of milk

88%

Carbohydrates are made of what elements

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Monosaccharides

simple sugars (5-6 carbons)

Fructose, Glucose, Galactose

Disaccharides

2 sugars

lactose, glycogen, sucrose

Polysaccharides

2+ sugars

Cellulose, glycogen, starch, hemicellulose

What do monogastric diets mostly consist of

high in concentrate

digest starches

What do Ruminant diets mostly consist of

Lots of cellulose and forages

How do Hind gut animals (horses) ferment their food

Digest cellulose in the cecum

Fats are made of

Carbon Oxygen and Hydrogen

Saturated fats

come from animals

single carbon bonds

solid at room temperature

Unsaturated fats

originate from plants

Double bonds between carbons

liquid at room temperature

Polyunsaturated Fats

More than one double bond of carbon

What is protein made of

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

16% Nitrogen

What is the function of Protein

muscle, bone, connective tissue, milk, and cell tissue repair

regulates water

What are the building blocks of proteins

Polypeptides

peptides

amino Acids

Are vitamins organic or inorganic

Organic ( contains carbon)

What are the fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K

What are the water soluble vitamins

B vitamins

we feed these to monogastric

Are minerals Organic or Inorganic

Inorganic

No Carbon

What is the function of minerals

Regulates pH levels

enzyme functions

Most limiting of the Amino Acids

Lysine

Methionine

Tryptophan

Calcium is used for

teeth and bone structure

How do we feed our animals Calcium

Limestone

Dicalcium Phosphate

What is Rickets and what causes it

bones don’t form correctly when growing

caused from calcium deficiency

what is Osteomalacia and what causes it

Bones begin to deteriorate

caused from calcium deficiency

What mineral does calcium work with

Phosphorus

How can we supplement Phosphorus

Dicalcium Phosphate

What happens if animals consume too much phosphorus

excess is released into the atmosphere

what are phytase enzymes

enzymes used to regulate phosphorus release into the atmosphere

What is Potassium used for

muscle contractions

How do animals get Potassium

consuming KCl

What disease is the result of a Potassium deficiency

Pica

Animals will chew on abnormal things

causes a rough hair coat

What is the purpose of Magnesium

activates enzymes

How do animals get their Magnesium

Magnesium Oxide

What disease is caused from a deficiency of magnesium

Grass Tetany

Muscles don’t respond correctly

Animals often lie on their sides

When is grass tetany most often to occur

during the spring, when the grass is lush and green

What is the purpose of NaCl (Salt)

Osmotic pressure and water balance

regulates food intake

What is the result of too much salt

Animals will stop eating

what is caused by a deficiency of Salt

reduced growth

What is the purpose of Sulfur

builds amino acids and B- vitamins

What disease is caused from too much sulfur

Polio

swelling of the brain and harsh headaches

What is the purpose of Zinc

enzyme and reproductive health

what is caused from a Zinc deficiency

Parakeratosis

Swelling of the feet

open sores causing pain when walking

What is copper used for

Helps enzymes and iron absorption

What are the results of copper deficiencies

growth problems

What animal is very vulnerable to coppers toxicity

Sheep

What is Iron used for

Hemoglobin production

oxygen transfer in the blood

What are symptoms of low Fe and Cu

Anemia and pale skin

tiredness

What is Iodine used for

thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism

What disease is caued from Iodine deficiency

Goiter

Enlarged thyroid

What is Selenium used for

Protects cells from being damaged

enzyme growth

Vitamin A is used for

Important for the eyes

How do Animals get Vitamin A

B-Carotene can be turned into Vitamin A in the intestine

How do animals get vitamin D

exposure to sunlight

What is Vitamin D used for

Calcium and Phosphorus absorption

What results from a Vitamin D deficiency

Rickets

Osteomalacia

What is Vitamin E used for

Antioxidant used to maintain cell membranes

works together with selenium

What is Vitamin K used for

aids in blood clotting