Nature of Scientific Inquiry, Taxonomy, and Cell Biology

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering the discovery and development of the microscope, the scientific method, historical experiments on biogenesis, taxonomy, and the structures and processes of the cell.

Who are credited with making one of the first compound microscopes using a tube with several lenses in $1590$?

Zacharias and Hans Jan

Which type of microscope uses electrons sent over the surface of a specimen and can magnify up to $190,000$ times?

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

How many times can a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) effectively magnify a specimen?

Up to $50,000$ times

What theory suggests that RNA came before DNA and proteins as the first genetic material?

RNA World Hypothesis

What is defined as a systematic process used by scientists to answer questions and solve problems about the natural world?

Scientific Method

What was the hypothesis in Louis Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiment?

If microorganisms come from pre-existing microorganisms in the air, then sterile broth in an intact swan-neck flask will remain free of microbial growth.

What was the foundation of modern microbiology that Pasteur's findings established?

Germ Theory

In Francesco Redi's experiment with flies and meat, what served as the independent variable?

Access of flies to the meat (the type of jar lid)

What results were observed in Redi's gauze-covered jar?

Flies laid eggs and maggots appeared on the gauze, but none developed on the meat.

In the proposed onion bulb experiment, what is the dependent variable?

The length of the longest root (in centimeters) and the total number of roots sprouted.

Who is known as the "Father of Modern Taxonomy" for creating binomial nomenclature?

Carolus Linnaeus

According to the rules of binomial nomenclature, how should a scientific name be formatted when handwritten?

The Genus is capitalized, the species is lowercase, and the name is underlined.

What species of handsome fungus beetle was named in honor of José Rizal?

Spathomeles rizali

What is the mnemonic provided to remember the taxonomic hierarchy levels?

Kings Play Cards On Fine Green Sofas

Which kingdom is characterized by unicellular prokaryotes that have peptidoglycan cell walls?

Kingdom Eubacteria

Who was the first person to observe living microorganisms, which he called "animalcules"?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

What are the three tenets of Cell Theory?

$1.$ All living things are made of one or more cells. $2.$ The cell is the basic unit of structure and function. $3.$ All cells come from pre-existing cells.

In which specific region is DNA found in a prokaryotic cell?

The nucleoid region

What is the function of the nucleolus found within the nucleus?

Site of ribosome synthesis

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing lipids and detoxifying harmful substances?

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

What is the term for the process where a cell breaks down its own old cell parts or waste using digestive enzymes?

Autophagy

What structures are unique to animal cells and are involved in organizing microtubules during cell division?

Centrosome and Centrioles

What provides rigidity, strength, and protection to plant cells and is made of cellulose?

Cell Wall

How many cells are estimated to be in the human body according to the lecture trivia?

$38$ trillion

What type of asexual reproduction occurs in prokaryotes like E. coli where the cell duplicates DNA and splits into two identical cells?

Binary Fission

What are the two major stages of the Cell Cycle?

Interphase and the Mitotic Phase

During which stage of Interphase are organelles duplicated and DNA checked as a final preparation for division?

G2 Phase (Gap 2)

In which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids pull apart and move toward opposite poles?

Anaphase

What is the difference between cytokinesis in plant cells and animal cells?

Plant cells form a cell plate, while animal cells form a cleavage furrow.

What occurs during Prophase I of meiosis that leads to genetic variation?

Crossing Over (homologous chromosomes exchange DNA)