Chapter 9: Articulations

Flashcards covering key concepts and terminology related to articulations, including types of joints, motion, and anatomical features.

Stability

The state of being stable; high when mobility is low and low when mobility is high in relation to joints.

Mobility

The ability of joints to move or not.

Structural classification of joints

The categorization of joints based on their structural components: cartilaginous, fibrous, and synovial.

Cartilaginous joints

Joints joined together by cartilage, which can be hyaline or fibrous cartilage.

Fibrous joints

Joints where bones are held together by dense regular connective tissue.

Synovial joints

Joints where bones are separated by a fluid-filled cavity; classified as diarthroses.

Gomphoses

Fibrous joints between teeth and the maxilla and mandible, classified as synarthroses.

Sutures

Fibrous joints between skull bones, classified as synarthroses.

Syndesmoses

Fibrous joints between parallel bones in the forearm and leg, classified as amphiarthroses.

Synchondroses

Cartilaginous joints joined by hyaline cartilage, classified as synarthroses.

Symphyses

Cartilaginous joints joined by a pad of fibrocartilage, classified as amphiarthroses.

Types of Synovial joints

Includes: plane (uniaxial), hinge (uniaxial), pivot (uniaxial), saddle (biaxial), condylar (biaxial), ball-and-socket (multiaxial).

Joint cavity

The space in synovial joints that separates articulating bones.

Uniaxial joints

Joints that move in one plane or axis.

Biaxial joints

Joints that move in two planes or axes.

Multiaxial joints

Joints that move in three planes or axes.

Flexion

Movement that decreases the angle at a joint.

Extension

Movement that increases the angle at a joint.

Gliding motion

Surfaces sliding back and forth or side to side.

Protraction

Anterior movement of a body part.

Retraction

Posterior movement of a body part.

Opposition

Movement of the thumb toward the palmar tips of the fingers.

Depression

Inferior movement of a body part.

Elevation

Superior movement of a body part.

Rotation

When a bone turns on its own longitudinal axis.

Pronation

Medial rotation of the forearm; palm turns inferiorly or posteriorly.

Supination

Lateral rotation of the forearm; palm turns superiorly or anteriorly.

Angular Motion

Motion that increases or decreases the angle between bones.

Abduction

Lateral movement of a body part away from the midline.

Adduction

Medial movement of a body part toward the midline.

Circumduction

Movement where the proximal end of a bone is stationary while the distal end makes a circular shape.

Glenohumeral Joint

• Fibrocartilaginous glenoid labrum

• Ligament: coracoacromial ligament, coracohumeral ligament, and glenohumeral ligament.

• Tendon of biceps brachii long head.

• Rotator cuff muscles

• Bursae: subscromial, subscoracoid, subdeltoid, and subscapular.

Knee Joint