D335: Introduction to Python (Sections 1-4) with complete verified solutions 2025

Input

A program gets data, perhaps from a file, keyboard, touchscreen, network, etc.

Process

A program performs computations on that data, such as adding two values like x + y

Output

A program puts that data somewhere, such as to a file, screen, or network.

computational thinking,

creating a sequence of instructions to solve a problem

algorithm

A sequence of instructions that solves a problem

Python interpreter

a computer program that executes code written in the Python programming language.

interactive interpreter

a program that allows the user to execute one line of code at a time

Code

a common word for the textual representation of a program

line

row of text

prompt

indicates the interpreter is ready to accept code

statement

a program instruction

Expressions

code that return a value when evaluated

cariables

named references to values stored by the interpreter

print()

function that displays variables or expression values

'#"

character tha denote comments, which are optional but can be used to explains portions of code to a human reader

string literal

text enclosed in quotes (single or double) and can contain letters, numbers, spaces, or symbols

Why would a programmer add

end=' ' inside of print()?

To keep the output on the same line

print(variable_name) without quotes

to output the value of a variable

\n

newline character; output can be moved to the next line

whitespace

any space, tab, or newline

variable = input()

reads a user-enter string and changes it into a variable

type

determines how a value can behave

int()

converts a string to an integer

syntax error

violating a programming language's rules on how symbols can be combined to create a program

runtime error

program's syntax is correct, but the program attemps an impossible operation, such as dividing by zero or multiplying strings together

crash

Abrupt and unintended termination of a program

SyntaxError

The program contains invalid code that cannot be understood.

IndentationError

The lines of the program are not properly indented.

ValueError

An invalid value is used- can occur if giving letter to int().

NameError

The program tries to use a variable that does not exist.

TypeError

An operation uses incorrect types - can occur if adding an integer to a string

logic error

An error in a program that makes it do something other than what the programmer intended. (would still load correctly)

A logic error is often called a ______.

bug

integrated development environment (IDE)

Provides a developer with a way to create a program, run the program, and debug the program all within one application.

switch

controls whether or not electricity flows through a wire

Positive voltage is treated as a what in computers?

1

Zero voltage is treated as a what in computers?

0

0s and 1s in are known as what in computers

bits (binary digits)

processors

created to process a list of desired calculations

instruction

a calculation completed by a processor

memory

circuit that can stors 0s and 1s in each of a series of thousands of addressed locations

A ______ computes data.

processor

_________ stores data.

Memory

The programmer-created sequence of instructions is call a _______________ or just an app.

program application

machine instructions

instructions represented as 0s and 1s

excutable program

a sequence of machine instructions together

assembly

language that translate machine instructions into human readable instructions

high-level languages

programming using formulas or algorithms

scripting language

a language tht allows program to be executed withoout compilation

script

a program whose instructions are executed by another program called an interpreter

backward compatible

software feature that enables documents saved in an older version of a program to be opened in a newer version of the program

variable

named item used to hold a value

assignment statement

assigns a variable with a value

identifier (also called a name)

a sequence of letters, underscores, and digits. It must also start with a letter or an underscore

object

represents a value and is automatically created by the interpreter when executing aline of code

garbage collection

Deleting unused objects is an automatic process

Name binding

the process of associating names with interpreter objects

module

a file containing Python code that can be used by other modules or scripts

import

the statement used to make a module availble for use

dot notation

The syntax for calling a function in another module by specifying the module name followed by a dot (period) and the function name.

What is one way you know that a file was executed as a script in Python?

If the value of _name_ is the string '_main_'

function

list of statements that can be executed simply by referring to the function's name

function call

process of invoking a function

argument

item passed to a function

ceil(x)

round up value

factorial(x)

factorial (3! = 3 2 1)

fmod(x, y)

remainder division

fabs(x)

absolute value of x

floor(x)

Round down value

fsum(x)

Floating-point sum of a range, list, or array.

exp(x)

exponential function e^x

pow(x, y)

raise x to power y

log(x, (base))

Natural logarithm; base is optional

sqrt(x)

square root of x

acos(x)

Arc cosine

asin(x)

Arc sine

atan(x)

Arc tangent

atan2(y, x)

Arc tangent with two parameters

cos(x)

cosine

sin(x)

sine

hypot(x1, x2, x3, ..., xn)

Length of vector from origin

degrees(x)

Convert from radians to degrees

radians(x)

convert degrees to radians

tan(x)

tangent

cosh(x)

hyperbolic cosine

sinh(x)

hyperbolic sine

gamma(x)

Gamma function

erf(x)

error function

pi (constant)

Mathematical constant 3.141592...

e (constant)

Mathematical constant 2.718281...

unicode

represent every possible character as a unique number (code point)

\\

Backslash (\)

\'

Single-quote (')

\"

Double-quote (")

\t

tab (indent)

ord()

returns an encoded integer value for a string of length one.

chr()

returns a string of one character for an encoded integer

container

a construct used to group related values together and contains references to other objects intead of data

list

a container created by surrounding a sequence of vaiable or literals with brackets [ ]

element

list item