Essentials of Pathophysiology - Final Exam Review Sheet

Vocabulary flashcards for Pathophysiology Final Exam Review.

Homeostasis

All systems in balance.

Allostasis

The body's ability to adapt to change to keep in balance.

Hypokalemia

Low potassium in blood; may cause weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps/twitching, constipation, arrhythmia.

Hyperkalemia

Elevated potassium in blood; may cause muscle fatigue, weakness, paralysis, abnormal heart rhythm, nausea.

Hyponatremia

Low sodium in the blood; may cause nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion, loss of energy, fatigue, muscle weakness, seizures, coma.

Hypernatremia

Elevated sodium in blood; may cause thirst, fatigue, confusion, muscle twitching, spasms, seizures, coma.

Hypocalcemia

Low calcium in the blood; may cause numbness/tingling, muscle cramps, seizures, facial twitching, bradycardia (Trousseau and Chvostek signs).

Hypercalcemia

Elevated calcium in the blood; may cause weaken bones, kidney stones, excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea, vomiting, constipation, bone pain, muscle weakness, confusion, lethargy, depression, heart palpitations, fainting.

Primary Prevention

Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure to disease (e.g., vaccines).

Secondary Prevention

Early detection and screening for disease (e.g., monthly self-breast exam).

Tertiary Prevention

Rehab or supportive care after injury or illness (e.g., PT/OT).

Sympathetic Nervous System

"Fight" response; dilates pupils, increases heart rate, elevates BP

Parasympathetic Nervous System

"Rest" response; constricts pupils, slows heart rate

Nucleus

Brain of the cell, contains DNA.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, energy production.

Ribosome

Protein production.

Lysosome

Breakdown/digestive enzymes.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Moves proteins. Smooth-detox., lipid metabolism, storage, hormone synthesis. Rough- protein synthesis

Peroxisome

Gets rid of harmful waste using enzyme oxidase and catalase.

Golgi Apparatus

Sorts/packages proteins and moves materials about the cell.

Active Immunity

The body's own immune response as a result of active infection or immunization; involves memory B cells.

Passive Immunity

Transfer of performed antibodies against specific antigen from a protected or immunized individual. Ex: mother to fetus- IgG can cross placenta, mother to infant IgA from breastmilk, serotherapy direct injection of antibodies.

Edema

Swelling.

Edema causes

Increased in capillary hydrostatic pressure, inflammation, CHF, HTN, blockage of lymphatic drainage, decreased plasma proteins (albumin. Albumin-liver)

Type I Hypersensitivity (Anaphylactic)

Antigen binds to IgE. Mast cells and basophils release histamine, leukotrienes and prostaglandins. Hives, seasonal allergic rhinitis, eczema, throat constriction, edema, wheezing, tachycardia, anaphylaxis. TX: antihistamines, beta-adrenergic, corticosteroids, IgE therapy, epinephrine.

Type II Hypersensitivity (Cytotoxic)

Involve IgG or IgM antibodies. Transfusion reactions, hemolytic disease of the newborn, rH factor. Graves' disease (hyperthyroidism), myasthenia gravis (muscle weakness).

Type III Hypersensitivity (Immune Complex)

IgG antibodies and antigens form immune complexes. Rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus, erythematosus.

Type IV Hypersensitivity (Delayed Cell-Mediated)

Cell mediated immune response caused by T cells. EX: Mantoux TB screen, contact dermatitis.

Benign Tumor

Does not spread to other areas of the body

Malignant Tumor

Spreads to surrounding tissues and possibly throughout the body.

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

Epigastric burning pain usually relieved by eating. H pylori- bacteria that "spirals" into gastric areas thrives in acidic conditions promotes ulcers

Functional Bowel Obstructions

Medications, anticholinergics, opioids, low fiber diet. Most common in small intestine. Conditions that inhibit peristalsis. slow movement

Mechanical Bowel Obstructions

Adhesions, hernia, tumor, impaction. Things that partially or completely block small or large intestine *block movement

Appendicitis

Inflammation of the veriform appendix. Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain, "McBurney's point", N/V/D. Rebound tenderness, push on RLQ and release quickly.

Jaundice

Green/yellow staining of tissues by bilirubin

Ascites

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Hepatic Encephalopathy

Neuropsychiatric problem from too much ammonia. lactulose

Cirrhosis

Irreversible end stage of hepatic injury.

Albumin

Keeps fluid from leaking out of blood vessels; nourishes tissues; and transports hormones, vitamins, drugs, and substances like calcium throughout the body. Binds and solubilizes various compounds, including bilirubin, calcium, long-chain fatty acids, toxic heavy metal ions, and numerous pharmaceuticals. Production decreases during liver failure

Excretion

Removal of organic waste products from body

Elimination

Discharge of waste from the body

Regulation

Regulating blood volume levels, ion concentrations, blood pH, and nutrients.

Cystic Kidney Disease

Genetically transmitted renal disorder resulting in fluid filled. Can be localized or affect both. Requires transplant or dialysis.

Nephrons

Filtering unit of the kidneys

Hematuria

Blood in urine

Proteinuria

Protein in urine

Nephrolithiasis

Renal calculi, usually composed of calcium

Pyelonephritis

Infection of the kidney

Cystitis

Bladder infection

Prerenal AKI

Disruption to renal perfusion. Causes-hypovolemia, hypotension, overuse of diuretics, edema, ascites.

Postrenal AKI

Disruption of urine flow distal to the kidney. Causes- obstruction in urinary collecting system.

Intrinsic AKI

Within the kidney blood vessels, tubules, or glomeruli. Causes- medications, chemotherapy, amphetamines, contrast media. Prolonged post renal injury

Compartment Syndrome

Dangerous complication of soft tissue injury- results from swelling of injured tissue within a restrictive fascia. Medical emergency Treatment- emergency decompression, fasciotomy. PainParalysisParesthesia⭑PallorPulselessness*

Stage 1 Pressure Ulcer

intact skin with non-blanchable redness

Stage 2 Pressure Ulcer

partial thickness skin loss involving epidermis, dermis or both.

Stage 3 Pressure Ulcer

full thickness tissue loss with visible fat

Stage 4 Pressure Ulcer

full thickness loss with exposed bone, muscle, or tendon.

Electrolyte reservoirs

easily deposited to maintain balance

Osteomyelitis

severe pyogenic infection of bone and local tissue. Organisms reach bone through the blood stream, adjacent tissue or direct introductions of organism to bone. Treatment is 4-6 weeks abt therapy, may require debridement.

Osteosarcoma

extremely malignant bone forming tumor. Rapid growing, painful. Common sites are vertebral bodies, pelvis, and proximal ends of the femur, humerus, and ribs.

Osteomalacia

occurs in adults. Softening of the bones due to lack of calcium and vitamin D. defect on bone building process. Treatment is drinking milk fortified in vitamin D and exposing skin to sunlight. AKA Rickets in children.

Osteoporosis

most common metabolic disease. Bone reabsorption is greater than bone formation. White women are most susceptible. Estrogen deficiencies, poor calcium intake, disuse. Treatment is calcium and vitamin D, exercise, biphosphates, recombinant human parathyroid hormone.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

systemic autoimmune inflammatory disease. Bone erosion, bone cysts, fissures. Bilateral symmetric polyarthritis. Treatment: NAIDS, corticosteroids, biologics.

Osteoarthritis

local degenerative joint disorder. Loss of articular cartilage, cartilage calcifies, WEAR AND TEAR

Psoriatic Arthritis

inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis. Peak age onset of 30-55. S/S Asymmetric oligoarthritis. Treatment: NSAIDs, corticosteroids, emollients, keratolytic agents, light therapy, immunosuppressive therapy.

Gout

disturbance of uric acid metabolism leads to deposition of uric acid crystals in joints. Usually in the big toe.

Gigantism

occurs in childhood before the skeletal epiphyses close. whole body too much growth hormone.

Dwarfism

too little growth hormone/receptors.

Acromegaly

occurs in adults after skeletal epiphyses close. only certain body parts

Diabetes Insipidus

Caused by lack of ADH. Low water, high urine output (polyuria), high sodium, high H&H and serum osmolality from dehydration. Risk of hypovolemic shock. (Lacks antidiuretic hormone) Treatment- DDAVP

SIADH

Too much ADH. Water intoxication. Low urine output, low sodium, weight gain. Risk of seizures. Treatment is hypertonic saline. (Too much antidiuretic hormone)

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhea), chlamydia

Cervical Cancer

HPV, HSV2, multiple partners and pregnancies

UTI

E. coli

Herpes

HSV2

Syphilis

Treponema pallidum, anerobic spirochete (vascular)

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

increases calcium in the blood. Increases calcium absorption in intestines. Decreases calcium in urine.

Cushing's Syndrome

excessive glucocorticoids. Chubby, white, moon face, buffalo hump, weak bones, edema.

Addison's Disease

decreased cortisol. Tan, dehydrated, wasting, hypoglycemia. Treatment is glucocorticoid replacement and fluids.

Hypothyroidism

Hashimotos- increased TSH because the low T3/T4. Treatment is levothyroxine. Weight gain, lethargy, cold intolerance, goiter, loss of hair, menstrual irregularities.