1:1

Solutions and Concentration

Molarity (M)

The concentration of a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution (M = moles of solute / liters of solution).

Molality (m)

The concentration of a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent (m = moles of solute / kilograms of solvent).

Percent by Mass

The mass percentage of a solute in solution calculated as % (mass/mass) = (mass of solute / mass of solution) * 100.

Percent by Volume

The volume percentage of a solute in solution calculated as % (volume/volume) = (volume of solute / volume of solution) * 100.

Mole Fraction (χ)

A way to express the concentration of a component in a mixture, where χ_solute = moles of solute / total moles of solution.

Unsaturated Solution

A solution that contains less solute than the maximum amount that can dissolve at a given temperature.

Saturated Solution

A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a given temperature.

Supersaturated Solution

A solution that contains more solute than the maximum amount that should dissolve at a given temperature.

Intermolecular Forces

The forces of attraction or repulsion between molecules which determine the physical properties of substances, including solubility.

A rule that states polar substances tend to dissolve in polar solvents, while nonpolar substances tend to dissolve in nonpolar solvents.

Like Dissolves Like

Attractive forces between polar molecules that arise from the permanent dipole moment of the molecules.

Dipole-Dipole Forces

A strong type of dipole-dipole interaction between a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom and another electronegative atom.

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak intermolecular forces that result from temporary fluctuations in electron distribution around molecules.

London Dispersion Forces/Van Der Waal’s

Henry's Law

The principle stating that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid.

Factors Affecting Solubility

Factors such as intermolecular forces, temperature, and pressure that influence how substances dissolve in solvents.

Equilibrium Reaction

A type of chemical reaction that does not go to completion and can reach a state where reactants and products are present at constant concentrations.

Intrinsic Properties

Characteristics of substances that are inherent to their nature, such as concentration units being independent of the solution's volume.