Introduction to Immunology and Serology

General overview of immunology history, cellular and humoral components of natural immunity, and the mechanisms of phagocytosis and inflammation.

What is the term for the 1500s Chinese practice of deliberately exposing an individual to material from smallpox lesions?

“variolation”

Which English Doctor proved that immunity to cowpox provided protection against smallpox in the 1700s?

Edward Jenner

How is the phenomenon known where exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent?

Cross-Immunity

Which scientist accidentally discovered the first attenuated vaccine while working with chicken cholera bacteria in 1880-1881?

Louis Pasteur

In 1862, which scientist discovered the process of Phagocytosis?

Ernst Haeckel

Who proposed the Cellular theory of immunity through phagocytosis between 1883 and 1905?

Elie Metchnikoff

Which scientists proposed the Humoral theory of Immunity in 1890?

Von Behring and Kitasata

In 1900, what theory did Ehrlich propose?

Antibody formation theory

What theory was proposed by Burnet in 1957?

Clonal selection theory

In 1975, Kohler was recognized for the discovery of what?

First monoclonal antibodies

According to the External Defense System, what substance is secreted by sweat glands to maintain acidity?

Lactic acid

Which enzyme is specifically found in tears and saliva as part of the External Defense System?

Lysozyme

What is the most important function in the Internal Defense System?

Phagocytosis

Which type of cells are capable of killing viruses and tumor cells prior to exposure in the Natural Immunity system?

NK cells

How are Lymphokine-activated Killer Cells (LAK cells) capable of lysing fresh cancer cells?

By being exposed to Interleukin 2

What percentage of circulating white blood cells do Neutrophils constitute?

$$50-70\%$$

What specific substances are contained in the bluish-purple granules of Basophils?

Histamine, eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis, and heparin

Which cells are described as the most potent phagocytic cell in the tissues?

Dendritic Cells

The protein for Toll-like Receptors (TLR) was originally discovered in which organism?

The fruit fly “Drosophila”

What are the primary ligands recognized by TLR-4?

LPS, HSP, and fibrinogen

What is the difference between positive and negative chemotaxis?

Positive chemotaxis is movement towards the stimulus, while negative chemotaxis is movement away from the stimulus

What term describes the coating of an antibody or complement on a foreign particle to facilitate phagocytosis?

Opsonization

What are the four main steps of Phagocytosis?

1. Physical contact, 2. Formation of phagosome, 3. Fusion to form phagolysosome, 4. Digestion and exocytosis

In the oxygen-independent pathway of microbial killing, what gas is produced from the oxidation of L-arginine?

Nitric oxide

During the respiratory burst of the oxygen-dependent pathway, what is the product of the reaction involving Myeloperoxidase?

$$OCl^- + H_2O$$

Where are Acute Phase Reactants primarily produced within $12-24\, \text{hours}$?

Hepatocytes

What is the alternative name for Type 2 Interferon (IFN-gamma)?

Immune IFN

What is the alternative name for Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ($TNF-\alpha$)?

Cachectin

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing most plasma complement proteins?

Liver

What are the eight hallmark features of Adaptive Immunity?

Reinforcement, Inducibility, Specificity, Diversity, Memory, Specialization, Self-Limitation, and Discrimination