HISTORY FINAL

For 7th graders studying McGraw Hill Texas History book, Chapters 15-28

Causes of Disagreement Between US and Mexico

-Mexico did not recognize annexation of Texas

-Countries disputed US-Mexico border

-Mexico refused to negotiate with American diplomats

-Mexico refused to pay reparations for damage inflicted during the Texas Revolution

US-Mexican War

President Polk sent Zachary Taylor to set up camp in disputed territory. Mexican forces fired shots, and Polk asked Congress to declare war on Mexico

US-Mexican War Effects

U.S. won

Mexico gave up all claims to Texas and accepted Rio Grande as border

Surrendered Mexican Cession to America for 15 millions dollars (included California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming.)

Mexico payed all debts to U.S. citizens up to 3.25 million dollars.

Mexicans living in disputed area had the option and a year to decide whether they wanted to stay and become American citizens.

Manifest Destiny

The belief that the United States must expand its boundaries to the Pacific Ocean

Immigrations (1840s-1850s)

Annexation, cheap/free land, legalized slavery

Treaty of Annexation

Required a super majority of votes, did not work out.

US would pay off the Republic's debt (12 million dollars)

Texas would join as a territory

Texas would give up all claims to public land

Joint Resolution of Annexation

February 28, 1845

Requires simple majority to approve annexation of Texas.

Texas admitted into the Union as a state

Texas got to keep all of its claims to public land

Joint Resolution

A statement passed by both houses of a legislature that has the force of a law

North vs. South Disagreements

Tariffs, state's rights, and slavery

Conscription Act of 1865

A Confederate decree that all able-bodied men from 18-35 must serve in the Confederate Army because their numbers were too low

Ordinance of Secession

A law that declared Texas free from all allegiance to the United States. The purpose of the Texas Secession Convention was to adopt this

Emancipation Proclamation

President Lincoln's 1863 declaration of freeing slaves in the Confederacy

Montgomery Convention

Formed Confederate States of America

Abolitionist

a person who works to end slavery or opposes the idea of it- works to "abolish" it

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who traveled to the South during Reconstruction

Scalawags

Southern whites who supported Reconstruction

Ironclad Oath

An oath that Radical Republicans imposed. Whoever signed it was stating that they did not voluntarily serve in the Confederate Army or aid the Confederacy. Henceforth, many Confederate sympathizers could not truthfully sign the oath.

Freedmen's Bureau

An organization run by the army to care for and protect Southern Blacks after the Civil War (during Reconstruction)

Germany

Provided most European immigrants to Texas

General Granger

Delivered message of the Emancipation Proclamation in Texas that all slaves were free

Andrew Jackson Hamilton

Provisional governor of Texas during Reconstruction

Anson Jones

fourth president of the Republic of Texas who helped transfer power from the Republic to the Unites States

Zachary Taylor

Set up camp between Nueces and the Rio Grande , drawing fire from the Mexican Army. This allowed the US Congress to declare war on Mexico, starting Mexican-American War

Buffalo Soldiers

Military unit of all African Americans. They protected the West Texas frontier from Native American raids, and were well respected by the Native Americans (how they got their name.) Settlers were discriminatory towards them

Anglo Americans and Buffalo

Anglo Americans hunted buffalo to hurt the Native Americans (buffalo was way of life.). The settlers only used the hides and left everything else behind.

Where were most Native Americans by 1874?

Living on or going to live on reservations.

What effect did the patrolling of the land north of the Rio Grande by Texas Rangers have on life in the valley?

Brought peace to the area

Vigilante

A member of a volunteer committee organized to punish criminals.

Mustangs

Wild and hardy horses of the western plains, descended from horses brought by the Spainiards

Why did cattle drives start?

to find better and more markets for the cattle

How did Missouri farmers feel about the drives? How did they react to them?

They were not happy about them and installed quarantine laws and barbed wire fences to prevent them

Why did sheep ranching increase after the Civil War?

There was a growing demand for wool

Ranchero

Spanish for rancher

Stockyard

Where livestock are penned before they are slaughtered or shipped

In the 1900s, who was denied the right to vote?

All women

What was the most important job a woman could have?

Teaching/Education

Texas Railroad Commission

Established by the legislature in 1891, set rates and watched over railroad practices. Formed in response to railroad monopolies forming

Why did farmers and merchants want the railroad to expand?

To market their goods (cheaper way to get goods to market)

Pension

money earned after retirement

A.H. Belo

Bought the first phonw to Texas

Joseph Glidden

Inventor of the most successful form of barbed wire

Richard King

Started what is today the largest cattle ranch in Texas. This ranch has developed its own breeds, helped build the railroad, built processing plants, and ice production houses

Palo Duro

The battle fought here marked the end of Native Americans in West Texas. Some bands still tied to fight but most now moved onto reservations in Indian Territory

Elizabeth Williams

Helped keep accounts of cattlemen and saw how profitable it was. Bought her own land and registered her own brand. She may have been the first woman to ride on the Chisolm Trail

Victorio

Apache leader who was chased by Colonel Grierson in the Guadalupe Mountains. Eventually killed by the Mexican Militia

What was built after 1900 to protect Galveston from hurricanes?

seawall

Anti-German sentiment on home front

Learning German was banned from schools, "Liberty sausage" and "liberty cabbage". German Americans were forced to kiss the American flag. Brandenburg to "Old Glory"

What were some ways people on the home front supported the war effort during WW1?

Giving to the Red Cross, rationing food, and buying Liberty Bonds, Victory Bods, and War Saving Stamps

Why was President Wilson pressured into entering WW1?

German submarines sank ships carrying American passengers and Zimmerman Telegraph

What is the nickname of WW1?

The Great War

Rural

Of or about the countryside

How did some oil producers react to the Railroad Commission's order to limit production?

They created fake/faulty oil nozzles and smuggled "hot" oil in the middle of the night

Why were cotton prices so low in the 1920s and the 1930s?

Overproduction

Why were cattle branded?

To show ownership

What were some reasons that the buffalo were important to the Indians? What did they use the buffalo for the most?

Buffalo were Native American’s way of life. They used every part of the buffalo.

Freedman’s Bureau purpose

• To provide relief for thousands of people black and white who had been left homeless from the Civil War. 

• To supervise the needs of the newly freed slaves: to find jobs for freed African Americans, and to defend their legal rights in court cases.  

• To help feed and clothe the sick, aged and poor.

• Manage land in Southern states.

What were POW camps? Who did they hold?

Prisoner of War camps, housed Germans, Italians, and Japanese

Why did America declare war on Japan on December 7, 1941? What was that day called?

Japan bombed Pearl Harbor.

“A date which will live in infamy.”

What was the purpose of the blackouts Texas cities conducted?

protecting citizens against air attacks

What was the Lend-Lease Act?

A program in which the U.S. lent military equipment to the Allies

Who were considered Allies during WW2?

Great Britain, France, China, USSR

What was the Holocaust?

Mass murder of European Jews by the Nazis

What are armies of occupation?

A military force that occupies and controls a territory that is not its own.

What countries made up the Axis Powers?

Japan. Italy, Germany

What is OPEC, and why did they end shipments of oil to the US in the 1970s

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (mostly Arab nations); ended shipments to US because Egypt and Syria got mad they were supporting Israel in an ongoing war

What form of government was the US committed to stopping the spread of after WW2?

Communism

Name some examples of segregation

African Americans had to go to separate schools, drink from separate water fountains, sit in the backs of buses and on the balcony in theaters

Explain the Voting Rights Act of 1965

The law that protected the rights of all people to vote, banned literacy tests

Explain President Johnson’s Great Society and what he believed was the best way to solve the problems of poverty.

The Great Society was a collection of social and economic programs initiated by LBJ (War on Poverty). He believed education was the best way to solve the nation’s issues.

What is CORE, who is its founder what was his belief concerning protests, and what did they organize?

(Congress Of Racial Equality) Founded by James L. Farmer, believed that lawsuits were not enough, organized NON-violent protests: Freedom Rides, sit-ins. boycotts

What was the Cold War? Who was our main rival?

The Cold War was the post-WW2 struggle involving the US and the Soviet Union, which never involved direct fighting.

“arms race”

Ann Richards

Democrat Texas Governor of 1990. Served as commissioner of Travis county and state treasurer before hand. Second female governor of Texas

Michael Dell

Founded Dell Computers at 19, Dell is now one of the largest computer makers in the world- known for customer service. Very first computer company to allow customers to call to order with specific features.

George Strait

Country music artist who won Artist of the Decade in the 2000s and was elected into the Country Music Hall of Fame

Steve Martin

Writer, actor, and comedian from Waco

J. Frank Dobie

Acknowledged as one of the first writers to collect and preserve Texas folklore. He collected stories from many different cultural groups. Encouraged Mason Brewer to write Word on The Brazos which has won many awards

How many terms can a Texas governor be elected?

There is no term limit, as many times as elected

What is the difference between political parties and special interest groups?

Political parties can nominate people for public office while special interest groups cannot

What are the goals of a political party?

To help organize a government and unite government leaders so they can better complete their duties

What are sources of state revenue?

Sales taxes, special taxes (tobacco, fuel, motor vehicles), fees for services and permits, and federal funds. Sometimes bonds.

How many houses does the Texas legislative have?

It is bicameral, so it has two houses.

How many members are in each house?

150 in House of Reps, and 31 in Senate

What’s the difference between civil and criminal law?

Criminal law is crimes committed against people and society while civil is legal disputes between individuals, businesses, and governments.

How long is the term for governor?

Four years

Who is the president of the Senate?

Lieutenant governor

What branch of government is the governor head of?

Executive

What legislative powers does the governor have?

Ability to call special sessions, veto bills, and send messages to legislature

What judicial powers does the governor have?

granting pardons, appointing members to various boards and commissions

What services are provided by city governments?

Police, fire, protection, and water and sewer services

Explain the process of making a bill a law.

A bill needs to be approved in the same wording from both houses

What are the three branches of the Texas government?

Legislative, executive, judicial

What does it mean when we say our legislature is bicameral?

It has two houses

When the governor vetoes a bill, what is he doing?

Rejecting it (not approving of it, sending it back to the legislature)

What is a budget?

A plan for how much one expects to earn and how much one proposes to spend the earnings

What is special about Texas’s budget?

It has to get balanced every two years

When is the governor called Commander-in-Chief?

Chief of National Guard during peace

What is a general law city?

A town or city whose power is limited to governmental structures and powers specifically granted by state law.

Is Sugar Land a general-law city?

No

What is a special district, and what’s the most common kind of one?

Units of government that are created to address specific kinds of public services, such as hospitals, utilities, public libraries, crime, or flood control. The most common type is school districts.

What are ordinances?

pieces of legislation acted upon by a municipal government, or a decree