Physics (Princeton Review)

What is Work?

The transfer of mechanical energy into or out of the system

What is a System?

The object(s) being observed

What is a Closed System?

The environment cannot contribute matter

What is an Isolated System?

The environment can’t contribute matter or energy

What is an Open System?

Free to interact with the environment

What is Environment?

The other objects and external forces outside the system.

What is Temperature?

The macroscopic measure of thermal energy per molecule

What is Heat (Q)?

The transfer of thermal energy between system and environment

What is Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics?

If one object is in thermal equilibrium with a second object and the second equal to the third, then the first and third objects are equal too

What is Conduction?

The quick transfer of thermal energy from one object to another

What is Convection?

When heat is transferred away by motion of a fluid

What is forced Convection?

Fluid motion is driven by external force

What is Radiation?

When heat is transferred by electromagnetic waves

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

The total energy of the universe is constant, energy can’t be created or destroyed 

What is an Isobaric Process?

Process that occurs at constant pressure

What is an Isochoric Process?

Process that maintains at constant volume

What is an Isothermal Process?

Process where the temperature of a system is constant

What is an Adiabatic Process?

A process where the system doesn’t transfer heat to the environment W

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

Entropy of an isolated system either stays the same or increases during a thermodynamic process.

How does heat (Q) and work (W) affect the total energy in a thermodynamic system?

The energy in a system changes when heat (Q) or work (W) is transferred in or out the system

What does Q > 0 mean in Thermodynamics?

Heat is transferring into the system.

What does Q < 0 mean in Thermodynamics?

Heat is transferring out of the system.

What do the +/- signs of Work (W) represent?

W+ : Is when work is done by the System

W- : When work is done by the Environment

What do the +/- signs of Heat (Q) represent?

Q+ : When heat is moving into the system

Q- : When heat is moving out of the system

1st Law of Thermodynamics Equation

^E = Q - W

What is the equation for Work in thermodynamics?

W = P^V

What is density?

The amount of mass contained in a unit of volume

What is the equation for Density?

p = m/v

What is the equation for specific gravity?

P/ H₂O