BT_MODULE 3-5 (ONLY)

1. through research and development (R&D)

2. purchase of know-how

3. and acquisition of the so-called material technologies (innovative structures, machines, materials)

Three Basic Types of Innovation (Kaplinski, 2018)

Shift in Assembly

The major trend in present-day construction continues to move away from handcrafting at the building site and toward on-site assembly of ever larger, more integrated subassemblies manufactured off-site.

Cast-in-Place Replacement

Which means pouring concrete at the jobsite, with beams, slabs, and columns set in forms on scaffolding and later removed after the concrete is hard, is now being replaced by the widespread use of precast concrete.

Dimensional Coordination

Buildings are designed and components manufactured in multiples of a standard module, which drastically reduces cutting and fitting required on the building site.

Large-Scale Complexes

The production or redevelopment of large-scale structural complexes, such as shopping centers, entire campuses, and whole towns or sections of cities.

a. Prefabrication and Modular Coordination;

b. Industrialized Building System;

c. Building Automation (to be discussed in another lecture module);

d. Soft-Tensioned Structures

e. Pneumatic Membrane and Cable Structures; and

f. Steel Tension Structure - Space Frames and Geodesic Structures

Evolved from its traditional method of construction into the following:

PREFABRICATE

Means to fabricate or manufacture beforehand to speed up the assembly and erection of a building.

Traditional construction

Features on-site operations where skilled craft workers handle relatively unprocessed materials. Non-skilled laborers and a smaller number of plant support skilled workers are involved.

Late 1950s Industrialization

More efforts were made to imitate manufacturing. The construction process was industrialized by shifting more of it off-site to factories.

1970s Shift & The 'Lump'

Changes to social and organizational factors gathered pace in the 1970s. The main change was the shift from direct employment to self-employment and labor-only subcontracting.

The principal effect of this was to create a stronger link between pay and productivity. This was because those employed were now paid a lump sum for carrying out a set amount of work, rather than a regular weekly wage.

Hence, this particular payments-by-results system came to be known as the 'lump'.

New Phase of Industrialized Construction

Prefabricated components are being used structurally. The main focus of value added has shifted from the site to the factories where materials and components are made.

Modular Coordination

The technique for dimensional rationalization and coordination of dimensions in the building

Precast Concrete

Prefabricated reinforced concrete that has been cast and cured in a factory rather than in place on the site.

Advantages:

1. Casting and curing conditions, as well as concrete design, can be rigorously controlled, resulting in consistently high-quality concrete.

2. The cost of forms and scaffolding is reduced.

3. Mass production of standardized and repetitive units.

4. Less construction time.

5. Close supervision and control of materials and a specialized workforce in a centralized plant result in a high-quality product.

6. Plant production is not normally subject to delays due to adverse weather conditions.

7. The dead load of the structural members themselves can be reduced.

8. Construction is free from defects and weather issues.

Precast Concrete Advantages:

1. Wall Panel
2. Roof and Floor Member
3. Beams
4. Columns

Types of Precast Structures

Wall Panel

To improve the panel's thermal insulation, foam glass, glass fibers, or expanded plastic is inserted between two layers of lightweight concrete.

a. Flat - most commonly used

b. double tee

c. ribbed

Subtypes of Wall Panel

a. flat

b. hollow core

c. double tee

d. single tee

Types Roof and Floor Member

a. rectangular

b. L-beam

c. Inverted Tee
d. AASHTO bridge girder - Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

Types of Beams

Columns

In multi storey construction these are made up to four stories, wherein corbels are used to provide a bearing for the beam.

1. Normally Reinforced

2. Prestressed

Classifications of Precast Structural Members:

Prestressing

Is a fundamental engineering design principle in which stresses are intentionally introduced into a structural element, such as a beam, to counteract load-induced stresses.

Prestressed:

a. Pre-tensioned

b. Post-tensioned

Prestressed is divided into two:

Freyssinet System

Uses high-tensile cables in tendons for support, which are about 4 to 5 times as durable as ordinary steel and can withstand 270,000 to 300,000 psi, while ordinary steel can withstand only 60,000 to 70,000 psi.

PRE-TENSIONING
POST-TENSIONING

Methods of Prestressing:

PRE-TENSIONING

The tendons are tensioned before the concrete is placed. After the concrete has hardened sufficiently, the tendons are cut, and the prestress force is transferred to the concrete by bond. Members have a slight arch or camber.

POST-TENSIONING

Metal or plastic ducts are positioned securely in the forms before the concrete is cast. The tendons are placed in the ducts or inserted later. After the concrete hardens sufficiently, the tendons are stretched and mechanically attached to the ends of the members to maintain the tendons in their stretched condition.

TILT-UP CONSTRUCTION
LIFT-SLAB CONSTRUCTION

Types of Construction Using Prestressed Concrete

TILT-UP CONSTRUCTION

Refers to walls and other members that have been custom pre-cast on site and then lifted by crane (tilted-up) into their final vertical position.

LIFT-SLAB CONSTRUCTION

Is another method of site pre-casting after columns are erected. Each floor slab is cast on the ground, one on top of the other, using a membrane to prevent adhesion.

Systems Building (Industrialized Building)

A construction process using a high degree of prefabricated, manufactured standard units or components to speed assembly and erection of buildings.

1. Excavation

2. Construction of the Foundation socket

3. Installation of Precast column

4. Installation of Precast beam

5. Installation of Precast slab

6. Installation of Structural Members on succeeding floors

7. Finishing Works

ERECTION PROCESS:

Tensile Membrane Structure

The covering membrane is usually made of a fabric or textile.

Tension Structures

Are mainly of three types: Tensile Membrane Structure, Cable Nets, and Pneumatic Structures.

Fabric or textile

Covering membrane Is usually made of what material

Tents or textile buildings

Were often seen as housing for the poor in many parts of the world.

Cable Nets

We can imagine them as a "woven" textile with the same strength in the warp and weft directions, often used in combination with textile membranes when the forces exceed what the membrane alone can carry. Can also be constructed as stand-alone units.

Pneumatic Structures

As the name indicates, the supporting medium is concealed and consists of compressed air or gas. An internal pressure creates tension forces on a concealing "skin". In this case, the membrane is curved in one direction and is called a "synclastic" surface.

Geodesic Dome

Is a type of structure shaped like a piece of a sphere or a ball.

Space Frame/Plates

A space frame is a truss-like, lightweight, rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern.

Shells

Are curved structures capable of transmitting loads in more than two directions to supports

1. Plan. Forecast revenue and actual revenue can be two very different things, and the importance of comprehensive budgeting at the outset cannot be overstated.

2. Check the figures as often as possible....

3. Monitor sub-contractor behavior...

4. Be prepared for late costs.

5. Don't presume variations will deliver a profit.

5 Simple Ways to Manage Construction Project Variations

1. Production and coordination of all plans and specifications, including all change orders.

2. Technical accuracy of all documents and often reviews of contracts with subs.

3. Specific design (not design criteria).

4. Workability of the design.

5. Code compliance.

6. Interpretation of the documents.

7. Submittal review and approval.

8. Prompt and timely response.

9. Evaluation of the work, often as part of release of payment provisions.

10. Diligence, skill and good judgment usually with a criterion of "equal to the professional level of competence in the area."

Typical Project Obligations of the Architect

HIGH-RISE BUILDING

Generally defined as one that is taller than the maximum height which people are willing to walk up. It thus requires mechanical vertical transportation.

LOW-RISE

From 1 - 5 storeys i.e. 4.0 m to 16.0 m, inclusive of an average 1.0 m provision for parapet wall or roof apex; excludes maximum allowance for a 6.0 m tall antenna/ steel tower on top of the structure

MEDIUM-RISE

From 6 - 15 storeys i.e. 19.0 m to 46.0 m, inclusive of an average 1.0 m provision for parapet wall or roof apex; excludes maximum allowance for a 6.0 m tall antenna/ steel tower on top of the structure

HIGH-RISE

From 16 - 60 storeys i.e. 49.0 m to 181.0 m, inclusive of an average 1.0 m provision for parapet wall or roof apex; excludes maximum allowance for a 6.0 m tall antenna/ steel tower on top of the structure

VERY TALL BUILDING

Taller than 60 storeys i.e. taller than 181.0 m, inclusive of an average 1.0 m provision for parapet wall or roof apex; excludes maximum allowance for a 6.0 m tall antenna/ steel tower on top of the structure

Thirteenth Floor

Is a designation of a level of a multi-level building that is often omitted in countries

Triskaidekaphobia

What term is the fear of number 13

Jenney's Home Insurance Building in Chicago

In the Functional Period the building featured a hybrid construction of masonry cladding, iron beams and cast-iron connections to reinforce the internal structure, which resembled a grid-like skeleton.

The Eclectic Period (1900-1920)

In this period Daniel Hudson Burnham used the footprint of the site to generate the base of the building, and drew from classical architecture by making it resemble a column of antiquity, becoming more slender as it moves from the base up the shaft to the capital.

The Chrysler Building

The Art Deco Period (1920-1940) Is often regarded as a masterpiece of Art Deco architecture. It was created during a time when people were scrambling to make New York City the home to the tallest building in the world. The design went through quite a few different stages on its way to approval.

The Seagram Building

The International Style (1950-1970) With its use of modern materials and setback from the city grid, became a prototype for future office buildings designed by Mies as well as a model for many buildings erected in its surroundings. This building, fifty years after its completion, is still admired by many visitors everyday and sets an example of an International style skyscraper amidst the New York skyline.

JOHN HANCOCK CENTER

The Supertall Period (1965-1975) The famous cross-bracing on the exterior provides security against horizontal movement while opening up the interior of the building with more uninterrupted floor space.

The Social Skyscraper

The design that emerged was the forerunners of the postmodernism and Romantic Modern skyscraper of the late 20th century.

The Postmodern Period

A reaction to the Modern Movement or Int'l Style, incorporated color, sculptured form and decoration. But the choice of exact style was wide open, and s type of modern eclectic approach emerged. This style is no longer confined to North America, with many of today's skyscraper being built in Europe and the Far East. At present, high-rise structure is led by Philip Johnson, William Pedersen, Cesar Pelli, and Norman Foster.

1. LIFE SAFETY
2. UTILITIES
3. MAINTENANCE
4. BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS)|

PRIMORDIAL CONSIDERATION FOR TOWER DESIGN:

a. earthquake

b. fire

LIFE SAFETY

a. sewage treatment plant (STP)

b. substation - electrical

c. water system

d. mechanical and air conditioning system

e. parking

UTILITIES

a. easy to maintain

b. change ability of parts or components

c. adaptability to new technology

MAINTENANCE

a. security - CCTV closed circuit tv

b. Energy conservation

c. Building automation

d. Maintenance schedule

BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS)

Escalator

Is a moving staircase which carries people between floors of a building or structure.

Passenger elevator

Any elevator intended for the transport of people through a building. These elevators can vary drastically in terms of size, speed and interior options depending on the use of the elevator.

Service elevators

Actually regular passenger elevators that have been outfitted with utility cabs and floors, and are usually in an "employees only" area of a commercial building. The most common example would be the service elevator used by housekeeping in

Exit routes / Fire exit doors

All exit routes must remain unobstructed. Fire exit doors must never be blocked, even temporarily. Exit routes should never be blocked by materials, equipment, or locked doors, or have dead-end corridors.

Linen chute

A passage in the form of a tunnel for sending soiled linen from the floor pantries of all floors to a central place near the laundry, from where it can be collected by the laundry staff.

Refuge area

A separate space in high-rise buildings, where residents can take shelter in case of fire or other emergencies.

Helipad

A landing area or platform for helicopters and powered lift aircraft.

High-rise buildings

Should have Smoke Detectors, Sprinklers, First Aid Fire Fighting system, PA system, Adequate water supply, Fire pumps, Fire escape routes, Fireman Lift, Service shaft enclosures, compact mentation, approved electrical system, refuse area etc.

OFFICEC/OFFICE BUILDING

The use of the building or the place is for the conduct of business or profession.

RESIDENTIAL/RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Use of the building or the place is for dwelling.

COMMERCIAL SPACE

Use of the building or place is for the sale of merchandise, commodities or goods to customers for their consumption.

GROSS FLOOR AREA

The total floor space within the perimeter of the permanent external building walls occupied by office areas; residential areas; commercial areas; corridors, lobbies, vertical penetrations; machine rooms, pump rooms, electrical; utility rooms, storage and closets; covered balconies and terraces; and other interior features.

FIREWALL

An interior or exterior wall having sufficiently high fire resistance

COURT

An open, uncovered, and unoccupied space partially or fully surrounded by walls or building.

CHASE

A continuous recess built into a wall to receive pipes, ducts, etc.

ROOF DECKS

The flat portion of a roof used as a terrace, etc.

PENTHOUSE

A structure occupying usually less than half the roof area of a flat roofed building.

LOBBY

A space at the entrance of a building, theater, elevator, etc.

SETBACK

A minimum distance between a property line and a building or portion thereof, as required by the ordinance or a code.