Animal Diseases and Health Exam 1

Disease

Abnormality that affects structure or
functions of all or part of an organism

Health

Physiological state where there is
absence of a disease

Intervention

Risk to human health, Animal welfare, Productive efficiency, and Product quality

Intervention

chosen based on their economic and
biological efficiency

Healthy

no clinical disease and normal
performance

task has shifted

prevention,
diagnosis, and control to preventing
and limiting consequent
multifactorial disease outcomes

Resistance

Ability to prevent an overwhelming
infection by a disease-causing
organism

Resilience

Ability to continue to perform when
having a disease

Interfaces between internal and external environments

Respiratory, Urinary, Genital, Gastrointestinal

Viral disease

have no effective
treatment

Viruses

be controlled through
immunization

Surveillance programs

aimed at identifying disease
prevalence changes to initiate corrective action

Biosecurity

All procedures to reduce
risk and introduction of
diseases

Risk

Probability of point infection and subsequent spread

Disease determinant

any factor that influences the risk and
consequence of disease challenge

Risk assessment

Determining the probability of exposure to
an infectious agent, probability of that exposure resulting in
infection or spread, and the consequence disease outbreak

Risk of infection

P of event causing infection x frequency of event

Epidemiology

Study of interrelationships
between various factors that
affect the frequency and
distribution of disease in a
population

Epidemiological characteristics

Spread, Susceptible host, Predisposition, Prevalence, Morbidity, Mortality, Recovery

Exotic diseases

Foreign diseases from the region

Endemic diseases

Originally from the region

Downtime

Time in-between herds/flocks from the removal of all animals to the
start of the next placement

Decontamination

Designed to reduce risk of disease through the physical removal of all
by-products, and litter, then washing, disinfection, and fumigation of
farms

Culling

Animals that are diseased,
injured, or have poor performance

Peracute disease

Disease of immediate-term nature

Acute disease

Disease of short-term nature

Subchronic disease

disease of a moderate-term nature

Chronic disease

disease of a long-term nature

Congenital disease

present at birth

Genetic disease

caused by genetic mutation

Hereditary disease

caused by genetic mutation and passed
to offspring

Idiopathic disease

cause of unknown

Iatrogenic disease

caused by medical intervention

Primary disease

It is the root cause

Secondary disease

sequela of another primary disease

Progressive disease

disease whose course worsens until
death, serious disability, or organ failure occurs

Stable or static disease

a disease condition that exists, but
does not get better or worse over time

Refractory disease

disease that resists treatment

Subclinical disease

prior to showing clinical signs, or no
clinical signs associated to the disease

Signs

observations made by secondary observer that are
either normal or abnormal

Symptoms

medical conditions self-reported by the patient

Neoplastic diseases

Cancer

Syndrome

refers to a set of signs and symptoms associated
with an illness or disease

Communicable

able to spread to another animal

Zoonotic

able to spread from animal to human

Pathology

The study of a disease

Direct transmission

Direct physical contact between infected
animal and susceptible host

Indirect transmission

Infectious agent deposited into an object or
surface (fomite) that is transmitted to the
host

Droplet transmission

Coughing or sneezing

Airborne transmission

Transmission via aerosols that contain organisms

Vehicle

Single contaminated source spreads the infection

Vector-borne

Transmission by insect or arthropod vectors

Congenital defects

abnormalities of structure or
function that are present at birth

Hereditary bovine defects

pathologically determined by
mutant genes or chromosomal aberrations

Genetic defects

classified as Lethal, Sublethal, Subvital

Cleft lip

Failure of midline fusion during
fetal development

Meningocele

the meninges protruding
through a midline cleft in the
frontal bones

Achondroplastic dwarfism

condition the protein
called fibroblast growth factor
receptor is negatively affected

Schistosomus reflexus

hindquarters are twisted towards the head and ventral abdominal wall is open and the viscera are
exposed

Hydranencephaly

Cerebral hemispheres are
absent and their site is occupied
by cerebrospinal fluid

Hydrocephalus

Excess of cerebrospinal fluid
causes pressure on the
cranium

Arthrogryposis

Extreme form of contracted
tendons in which many joins
are fixed in flexion or
extension

Atresia ani

Congenital absence of the
anus

Spina bifida

Congenital defect due to
an absence of the dorsal
portion of the spine

Hypospadia

Male congenital anomaly in
which the urethra opens
onto the perineum below
the anus

Syndactyly

Fused claws in animals

Epitheliogenesis imperfecta

Congenital absence of skin

Hypotrichosis

Skin is only 2-3 cell thick

Parakeratosis

Thickening of the skin

Baldy calf syndrome

Mainly seen in Holstein

Ventricular septal defect

Hole in the wall separating right and left
ventricles

Patent ductus arteriosus

Blood from Aorta mixes with blood from
pulmonary artery

Erythropoietic porphyria

Teeth and ribs are brownish due to
abnormal accumulation of uroporphyrin

Neonatal disorders

disorders of the calf from birth until postweaning

Umbilical hernia

a bulge of abdominal
organs at the umbilicus caused
by incomplete closure of the
umbilical ring and is covered by
skin

Umbilical eventration

Exposure of intestines
leading to potential rupture
and death of the animal

Umbilical granuloma

an overgrowth of tissue during
the healing process of the
umbilicus

Calf scours

Diarrhea during the first few days of
life commonly caused by bacterial
infections

White scours

intestinal damage
is such that partially digested
white milk is passed in the feces

Salmonellosis

Infection with Salmonella spp.

Abomasal ulceration

stomach ulcers

Coccidiosis

Infection of the lower small
intestine, cecum, colon, and
rectum, caused by protozoan
parasite Eimeria zuernii or Eimeria
bovis

Ruminal tympany

Abnormal extension of the rumen and reticulum caused by
excessive retention of the gases of fermentation.