AP BIO Unit 2- Must Memorize

Eukaryotic Cell

DNA is in nucleus

Prokaryotic Cell

Lacks a nucleus, free bound, DNA is in nucleoid region

Chromosomes

In all cells and carry genes in the form of DNA

Ribosomes

In all cells and are tiny complexes which make proteins according to instructions in genes

Why are smaller cells and smaller surface area benificial?

More efficient at reactions and exchanging materials with the enviornment

Plasma Membrane

Semi permeable phospholipid bilayer with (transport) proteins which allows certain molecules in and out of the cell. Waste, oxygen, nutrients in and out

Smooth ER

Synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs, detoxification of drugs/poisons, storage of calcium ions

Rough ER

Has ribosomes attached to it which produces proteins that cells secrete. Also grows by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane.

Glycoproteins

Secretory proteins which have carbs covalently bonded to them and lets the cell recognize other cells + bind to eachother for adhesion

Golgi Apparatus

"Shipping/Recieving Center" Receives and dispatches transport molecules and products they contain. Modifies and sorts proteins

Phagocytosis

process in which amoebas and many other protists eat and engulf many other food particles

Contractile Vacuoles

pumps excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell

Mitochondria

site of cellular respiration and uses oxygen to generate ATP by extracting energy out of other substances

Chloroplasts

where photosynthesis takes place for energy in plant cells

Endosymbiont Theory

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by (endocytosis) by another cell and evolved as organelles within that eukaryotic cell.

Evidence: -self-replication - has its own ribosomes - own DNA - and own membranes

Cytoskeleton

Network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm. Gives mechanical support to the cell and maintains its shape (cell motility motor proteins) anchors organelles and transports

centrosome

a small region of cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus; contains the centrioles and serves to organize the microtubules

Desmosomes

forms links between cells and provides connections btwn intermediate filaments

Tight Junctions

form a water tight seal and prevent water from passing btwn cells

Gap Junctions

allow cytoplasmic exchange in animal cells. unify animal cells

Endomembrane System

Smooth and rough ER, nuclear envelope, Ribosomes, Golgi, lysosome, vacuole

Phospholipids and most membrane proteins are

ampathetic has hydrophilic and hydrophobic region

Cholesterol

A steroid which in btwn phospholipid molecules in animal cells effect membrane fluidity

High temp cholesterol makes membrane less fluid by restraining phospholipid movement

Lowers temperature through the close packing of phospholipids

Peroxisomes

flush hydrogen peroxide and bad toxins to detoxify chemicals

Lysosomes

breaks down molecules using hydrolytic digestive enzymes

Dynein

large motor ptoeins which bends movements of flagella anc cilia

Integral or Transmembrane proteins

penetrates hydrophobic interior of liquid bilayer

Peripheral Proteins

Not embedded in lipid bilayer and are loosely bounded to the surface membrane and usually exposed

As temperatures increase

Membrane fluidly increases

As temperatures decrease

Membrane fluidity drops

high ratio of unsaturated hydrocarbon tails do what

prevent freezing a

high ratio of saturated hydrocarbon tails do what

prevents fluid

Aquaporins

passage of water molecules through the plasma membrane of certain cells is facilitated by channel proteins like --------

Glycoproteins

identification tags which are recognizable soley by membrane proteins of other cells

What can dissolve in the lipid bilayer of the membrane without help of membrane proteins?

Non-polar molecules hydrocarbons, carbon diozide, oxygen bc they are hydrophobic

Can ions and polar hydrophilic molecules pass through the membrane?

no bc the layer is hydrophobic so they need aid of transport proteins

if there is less solute molecules there are

more free molecules

animal cell red blood cell in a hypotonic solution

cell swells up and is lysed or burst as water moves in

animal red blood cell in a isotonic solution

normal, same amount of solute to concentration of water, equilibrium

plant cell red blood cell in a hypotonic solution

turgid or normal

plant red blood cell in a isotonic solution

soft or flaccid

plant red blood cell in hypertonic solution

plasmolyzed dehydrated

hypotonic solution hippo

solution with lower solute concentration than the cell

isotonic solution

equilibrium

hypertonic solution

solution with higher solute concentration then the cell

osmoregulation

the idea of organisms maintaining a h20 balance-- control of solute and water balance

Diffusion conc travel

high to low concentration down the concentration gradient

Sodium-Potassium Pump

uses atp to pump Na or K out. A charged gradient accross the membrane inside a cell is more negative than outside

Exocytosis

molecules leaving the cell

endocytosis

cell taking in molecules

phagocytosis

when the cell brings in solid's, and folds it in and brings in solid large molecules like proteins

pinocytosis

when a cell gulps and drinks droplets of extracellular fliid into tiny vesicles so dissolved solutes are brought in

Paracrine Cell Signaling

signaling cell reacts to a nearby cell releases into immediate area picks it up

synaptic cell signaling

specific neurotransmitter which acts as a signal molecule or ligand nearby usually in the animal nervous cell when a nerve cell triggers the neurotransmitter

Endocrine Signaling

Long distance signaling where animals and plants cells release hormone molecules and travel the circulatory system to other parts in the body and reach target cells

signal transduction pathway step 1

reception where the signal molecule LIGAND will bind to a specific receptor of the CORRECT SHAPE and activate the receptor through a shape change. this shape change will bind the molecules

signal transduction pathway step 2

transduction. protein kinases (enzymes) phosphorylate (or activate) and AMPLIFY the relay of the message into the cell

signal transduction pathway step 3

response- transcription factor, enzyme, and causes the cell to actually do something

second messengers like cAMP

diffuse readily through cytosol and thus help braodcasts signals quickly