BIO 101 - Chapter 2

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Professor Mendoza

Biology

Cells

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43 Terms

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Matter
Consists of one or more elements organized into atoms and molecules
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Element
A substance that cannot be broken down any further by chemical means
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What are the six main elements living forms are composed of?
\-Carbon

\-Hydrogen

\-Oxygen

\-Nitrogen

\-Phosphorus

\-Sulfur
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What does the atomic number indicate?
How many protons the element has
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How do you determine the number of neutrons in an element?
atomic mass - atomic number
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Isotope
A form of an element containing a different number of neutrons
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Covalent Bonds
When atoms share electrons. (nonmetal+metal)
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Ionic Bond
When electrons are transferred (nonmetal+metal)
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Electronegativity
Moves low - to high, from left to right on a periodic table (Slide 24 ) Second ppt
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Atomic radius
Increases moving from high to low on a periodic table (Slide 24 ) Second ppt
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Cohesion
The tendency of like molecules to stick to one another.
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Adhesion
The tendency of dissimilar particles to stick to one another.
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Solvent
A substance (typically liquid) capable of dissolving another substance.
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Factors contributing to high surface tension of water
\-hydrogen bonding

\-polar covalent bonds

\-cohesion
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Acidic solutions
 have a low pH and a high H+ concentration.
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Basic solutions
have a high pH and a low H+ concentration. _____have more OH− ions than H+ ions.
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Organic Molecule
A molecule that contains both carbon and hydrogen (Ex. Methane)
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4 Organic Molecule Categories
* Carbohydrates
* Proteins
* Nucleic Acids
* Lipids
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Monomers
A single unit of an organic molecule.
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Polymers
Multiple monomers join to form a polymer
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Dehydration synthesis
What joins monomers into polymers/ What links fatty acids to glycerol
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Hydrolysis
What breaks polymers into monomers./ What separates fatty acids from glycerol
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Monosaccharides
The monomers that make up carbohydrates. Ex. Ribose, Glucose, Fructose
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Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides join together to form_______. Ex. Sucrose
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Polysaccharides
Long chains of carbohydrates Ex. Cellulose, Starch, Glycogen
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Amino Acids
The monomers for protein (20 different ones) each have their own chemical and physical properties
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Dipeptide
Two proteins monomers (amino acids) form this.
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Polypeptide
A chain of protein monomers (amino acids) form this.
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The function of a protein is dependent on?
Its shape or tertiary structure
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Primary structure
Amino acid sequence of a polypeptide (sequence)
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Secondary structure
Localized areas of coils, sheets, and loops within a polypeptide (substructure)
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Tertiary Structure
Overall shape of one polypeptide
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Quaternary Structure
Overall protein shape, arising from interaction between the multiple polypeptides that make up the functional protein. Only proteins with multiple polypeptides have quaternary structure
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Nucleotides
The monomers of nucleic acids
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5 different types of nucleotides
* Adenine (A)
* Cytosine (C)
* Guanine (G)
* Thymine (T)
* Uracil (U)
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What are the classes of lipids?
* Triglycerides
* Steroids
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Triglycerides
Energy rich substances used for long term energy storage. Ex. Fats and Oils
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Steroids
Group of lipids with a 4-ring Structure of carbon atoms. (Not much info in the ppt)
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How are Triglycerides formed?
Through covalent bonds attaching three fatty acid molecules to a glycerol molecule
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Saturated Fatty acids
When the carbon in a fatty acid is bonded to four other atoms, the fatty acid holds a straight shape Ex. Butter
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Unsaturated Fatty Acids
When the carbon atom in a fatty acid contains at least one double bound, the fatty acid holds a bent shape. The bends prevent them from solidifying Ex. Oils
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Cholesterol
\-Used to regulate the fluidity of animal cell membranes

\-Used to synthesize many sex hormones
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Types of Steroids
\-Cholesterol

\-Testosterone