Cell Signaling and Action Potential Conduction in Neurobiology

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65 Terms

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Action Potential

Rapid change in membrane potential during neuron signaling.

<p>Rapid change in membrane potential during neuron signaling.</p>
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Myelinated Axons

Axons insulated with myelin for faster signal conduction.

<p>Axons insulated with myelin for faster signal conduction.</p>
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Unmyelinated Axons

Axons without myelin, slower signal conduction.

<p>Axons without myelin, slower signal conduction.</p>
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Refractory Period

Time during which neuron cannot fire another action potential.

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Absolute Refractory Period

No stimulus can trigger an action potential.

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Relative Refractory Period

Only stronger stimulus can initiate action potential.

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Graded Potentials

Variable changes in membrane potential, not all-or-nothing.

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Chemical Synapse

Connection where neurotransmitters transmit signals between neurons.

<p>Connection where neurotransmitters transmit signals between neurons.</p>
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Presynaptic Cell

Neuron sending the signal at a synapse.

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Postsynaptic Cell

Neuron receiving the signal at a synapse.

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Synaptic Bouton

Terminal of presynaptic neuron releasing neurotransmitters.

<p>Terminal of presynaptic neuron releasing neurotransmitters.</p>
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Synaptic Vesicle

Membrane-bound structure containing neurotransmitters.

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Synaptic Cleft

Gap between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.

<p>Gap between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.</p>
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Gap Junctions

Direct cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells.

<p>Direct cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells.</p>
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Autocrine Signals

Signals affecting the same cell that produces them.

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Paracrine Signals

Signals affecting nearby cells in the same tissue.

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Endocrine Signals

Hormones released into the bloodstream affecting distant cells.

<p>Hormones released into the bloodstream affecting distant cells.</p>
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Neurotransmitter

Chemical messenger transmitting signals across synapses.

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Neurohormone

Hormone produced by neurons, released into blood.

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Second Messenger

Intracellular molecule mediating cellular response to signals.

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G-Protein-Coupled Receptor

Receptor activating G-proteins to trigger signaling pathways.

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Amplifier Enzyme

Enzyme that increases the concentration of second messengers.

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Rising phase

Initial depolarization during action potential.

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Falling phase

Repolarization following action potential peak.

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After-hyperpolarization

Period after action potential where membrane potential is lower.

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Resting potential

Stable membrane potential before action potential initiation.

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Proximal axon

Part of axon closest to cell body.

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Active region

Area of axon where action potential is generated.

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Distal inactive region

Part of axon farthest from cell body.

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Myelin sheath

Insulating layer around axons, speeds up conduction.

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Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in myelin sheath where ion channels are concentrated.

<p>Gaps in myelin sheath where ion channels are concentrated.</p>
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Saltatory conduction

Jumping of action potentials between nodes.

<p>Jumping of action potentials between nodes.</p>
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Velocity of axons

Speed of action potential propagation, e.g., 70-120 m/s.

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Synaptic terminal

End of presynaptic neuron where neurotransmitter release occurs.

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Graded depolarization

Change in membrane potential leading to neurotransmitter release.

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Termination of synaptic transmission

Processes that stop neurotransmitter action at synapse.

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Primary messenger

Molecule that initiates signal transduction pathway.

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Receptor-channel

Protein that opens in response to ligand binding.

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Receptor-enzyme

Receptor that has enzymatic activity upon activation.

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Nicotinic receptor

Type of acetylcholine receptor that is ionotropic.

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Muscarinic receptor

Type of acetylcholine receptor that is metabotropic.

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Alpha receptor

Type of adrenergic receptor responsive to norepinephrine.

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Beta receptor

Type of adrenergic receptor with different signaling pathways.

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Action Potentials

Rapid electrical signals along neurons.

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Electrical Synaptic Transmission

Direct electrical communication between neurons.

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Contact-Dependent Signaling

Cell communication requiring direct contact.

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Autocrine Signaling

Cell signals affecting itself.

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Paracrine Signaling

Cell signals affecting nearby cells.

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Endocrine System

Hormonal signaling over long distances.

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Ligand

Molecule that binds to a receptor.

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Receptor

Protein that binds ligands to initiate signaling.

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Hydrophilic Signals

Cannot cross the cell membrane.

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Lipophilic Signals

Diffuse through membranes to bind receptors.

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Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR)

Ion channel activated by acetylcholine.

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G Proteins

Molecules that transmit signals from receptors.

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G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)

Receptor that activates G proteins upon ligand binding.

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Muscarinic AChR

GPCR activated by acetylcholine, not in skeletal muscle.

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Signal Amplification

Process enhancing cellular response to signals.

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Second Messengers

Intracellular molecules that mediate signaling pathways.

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α-bungarotoxin

Nicotinic AChR antagonist from kraite venom.

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Insulin Receptor

Receptor that mediates insulin signaling.

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Epinephrine

Hormone that triggers fight-or-flight response.

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α-adrenergic Receptors

GPCRs responding to norepinephrine and epinephrine.

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β-adrenergic Receptors

GPCRs mediating responses to epinephrine.

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Chemical Synaptic Transmission

Release of neurotransmitters across synapses.