Human Anatomy LAB Ch. 1

Anatomical Position

Common/universal visual reference point

• Person stands upright

• Feet face forward

• Arms by their side

• Palms face forward

• Thumbs point away from body

Directional Terms

Used to describe location in RELATION to another body structure

Contralateral

opposite sides (ex: left side of brain controls the right side of body)

Ipsilateral

Same sides

Axial Regional Terms

• Cephalic (head)

• Mental

• Cervical (neck)

• Thoracic

• Abdominal

• Pelvic

• Pubic (genital)

• Back (dorsal)

Appendicular Regional Terms

• Upper Limb

• Manus (hand)

• Lower Limb

• Pedal (foot)

What does the skeleton consist of?

• Bones

• Cartilages

• Joints

• Ligaments

Axial Skeleton

Skull

• Cranial

• Facial bones

Vertebral Column

• Vertebrae (plural)

• Vertebra (singular)

Thoracic Cage

• Ribs

• Sternum

• Thoracic vertebrae

Appendicular Skeleton

Pectoral girdle

• Clavicle

• Scapula

Upper Limb

• Humerus

• Radius

• Ulna

• Carpal

• Metacarpal

• Phalanges

Pelvic girdle

• Left and right innominate (coxal) bones

Lower Limb

• Femur

• Patella

• Tibia (always medial)

• Fibula (always lateral)

• Tarsal

• Metatarsal

• Phalanges

Joint

The articulation between two or more bones

• Site where movement can occur with the coupled contraction of nearby muscles

Synovial Joints

Most movable joints of the body (considered “diarthroses”)

Each contains a fluid-filled joint cavity (acts as lubricant allowing joining bones to move across each other with minimal friction)

Most joints in the upper/lower limbs are synovial joints

Gliding

When the nearly flat surface of two bones slip across each other

Where does it occur?

• Between the carpals and tarsals

• Between the flat articular surfaces of the vertebrae

Flexion

Decreases the angle between two bones

Where does it occur?

• Along the sagittal plane

  • Neck

  • Trunk

  • Shoulder joint

  • Hip joint

  • Elbow joint

  • Fingers (making a fist)

Extension

Increases the angle between two bones (straightening action)

Where does it occur?

• Along the sagittal plane

  • Neck

  • Trunk

  • Shoulder joint

  • Hip joint

  • Elbow joint

  • Fingers (making a fist)

Abduction

Movement of a limb away from the body plane (“moving away” from body)

Where does it occur?

• Along the coronal plane

  • Shoulder joint

  • Hip joint

  • Fingers

  • Toes

Adduction

Movement of a limb toward the body plane (“moving towards” or “adding to” the body)

Where does it occur?

• Along the coronal plane

  • Shoulder joint

  • Hip joint

  • Fingers

  • Toes

Circumduction

Movement through all 3 planes at once

Where does it occur?

• Shoulder joint

• Hip joint

• Fingers

• Toes

Rotation

Turning movement of a bone around the longitudinal axis

Where does it occur?

• Along the transverse plane

  • Head/neck

  • Trunk

Lateral/Medial Rotation

Turning movement of a bone around the longitudinal axis

• Lateral (external) rotation- towards the lateral plane (outward)

• Medial (internal) rotation- towards the median plane (inward)

Where does this occur?

• Along the transverse plane

  • Shoulder joint

  • Hip joint

Special movement: Elevation/Depression

Elevation- lifting body part superiorly

Depression- moving body part inferiorly

Where does it occur?

• Mandible (talking)

• Scapula (shrugging)

Special movement: Protraction/Retraction

Protraction- moving body part anteriorly

Retraction- moving body part posteriorly

Where does it occur?

• Mandible (chin out/in)

• Scapula (curling in/out)

Special movement: Pronation/Supination

Movements of the radius around the ulna

Pronation- moving radius medially so palm face posteriorly (radius rotates over ulna)

Supination- moving radius laterally so palm face anteriorly (radius and ulna are parallel)

Where does this occur?

• Specific to forearm bones (radius/ulna)

Special movement: Radial/Ulnar Deviation

Movement of the hand at the radiocarpal (wrist) joint

Radial deviation- moving the hand toward the radius (thumb)

Ulnar deviation- moving the hand toward the ulna (pinky)

Where does this occur?

• Specific to radius and ulna, specifically at the wrist joint

Special movement: Opposition

Movement of the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand

Where does this occur?

• Specific to the thumb

Special movement: Inversion/Eversion

Movements of the foot at the ankle joint

Inversion- turn the sole medially (internally)

Eversion- turn the sole laterally (externally)

Where does this occur?

• Specific to the foot at the ankle joint

Special movement: Dorsi-/Plantarflexion

Up-and-down movements of the foot

Dorsiflexion- lifting foot superiorly

Plantarflexion- depressing the foot or elevating the heel (going on tippy toes)

Where does this occur?

• Specific to the foot at the ankle joint

Special movement: Lateral Flexion/ Extension

Movement in the frontal (coronal) plane

Lateral flexion- bending body sideways

Lateral extension- strengthening body back to anatomical position

Where does this occur?

• Specific to cervical (neck) and lumbar (trunk) vertebral level