SOCI 205: Introduction to Sociology Exam #3 Study Guide

A collection of key terms and definitions from SOCI 205 lecture notes to aid in exam preparation.

Social Structure

Organized pattern of social relationships and institutions that together compose society.

Agency

The capacity of individuals to act independently and make free choices.

Ascribed Status

Assigned at birth (e.g., race, gender).

Achieved Status

Earned or chosen (e.g., job title, education level).

Social Role

Expected behaviors associated with a status.

Social Networks

Web of relationships among people or groups.

Socialization

Lifelong process of learning norms, values, behaviors.

Resocialization

Re-learning norms due to new environments or life changes.

Looking-Glass Self

The concept that we see ourselves through others' perceptions.

Gender Norms

Societal rules about how genders should behave.

Transgender

A person whose gender identity differs from the sex assigned at birth.

Cisgender

Identity aligns with the assigned sex at birth.

Polygamy

Multiple spouses (includes polygyny and polyandry).

Glass Ceiling

Invisible barrier to advancement for women.

Heteronormativity

Assuming heterosexuality as the norm.

Total Institutions

Places where people are isolated and controlled (e.g., prisons, military).

Meritocracy

Advancement based on ability and talent.

Secularization

Decline in religious influence in society.

Collective Effervescence

Group energy during shared rituals or worship.

Religious Pluralism

Coexistence of many religions.

Caste System

Social stratification supported by religious tradition.

Religiosity

The strength of religious beliefs and practices.

Culture Wars

Conflicts over moral and cultural issues often framed by religious perspectives.

Bureaucracy

Large, impersonal organizations with a clear goal.

Dualistic Thinking

Viewing issues in terms of strict opposites (like good vs bad, or male vs female).

Intimate-Partner Violence

Abuse within romantic relationships.

Feminism

Movement for gender equality.

Androcentrism

Centering men/male experiences as the norm.

Hypersexual Stereotypes

Racialized and gendered stereotypes with harmful social effects.

Sanctity of Sunday football

Cultural significance of sports in American society.