Bot-Lec (Sem-1) - Chapter 7.A: Non-vascular Plants

embryophytes

land plants

multicellular gametangia

where gametes are produced in plants; contain a protective layer of sterile cells; colonization of plant

cuticle

a noncellular, waxy covering over the epidermis of aerial plant parts that reduces water loss

stoma

a small pore in the plant epidermis that allows gas exchange for photosynthesis

Sequoiadendron giganteum

giant sequoia

Spirodela

duckweeds

Charophytes (stoneworts)

green algae; theorized common ancestor of land plants based on molecular and structural data

pigments; cell-wall components; carbohydrate storage materials

three similar biochemical characteristics of green algae and modern land plants:

chlorophylls a and b; carotenes; xanthophylls

pigments in plants

chlorophyll alpha

participates directly in light reactions

chlorophyll beta

accessory pigment

carotenes

pigments that absorb colors in other parts of the spectrum such as red, orange, and yellow.

xanthophylls

yellow pigments

cellulose

cell-wall components of plants

starch

carbohydrate storage material of plants

cell division

similar fundamental processes between green algae and modern land plants

alternation of generations

a type of life cycle characteristic of plants and a few algae and fungi

haploid (n) gametophyte generation

this produces haploid gametes (sperm + egg) (pollen + egg)

diploid (2n) sporophyte generation

this produces diploid zygote, which then turns into an embryo, which undergoes meiosis to create haploid spores

antheridium

multicellular male gametangium that produces sperm cells; part of the gametophyte generation

archegonium

multicellular female gametangium that produces an egg; part of the gametophyte generation

fertilization

gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote

spore

a reproductive cell that gives rise to individual offspring in plants, fungi, and certain algae, and protozoa

zygote

develops into an embryo, protected and nourished by a gametophyte plant; part of the sporophyte generation

spore mother cells

part of the mature sporophyte plant that undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores; first stage of gametophyte generation

bryophytes

small, fairly simple plants; nonvascular; gametophyte is the dominant generation; grows independently of sporophyte and usually perennial

green algal ancestor (stoneworts)

basal bryophyte

club mosses

basal vascular seedless plants

gymnosperms

basal vascular seed plants

hornworts; liverworts; mosses

nonvascular bryophytes

club mosses; ferns

vascular seedless plants

gymnosperms; angiosperms

vascular seed plants

moss

a member of a phylum of spore-producing nonvascular plants; dominant n gametophyte; 2n sporophyte that remains attached to the gametophyte

capsule; seta; foot

parts of a moss sporophyte

protonema

in mosses; filament of n cells that grows from a spore; develops into leafy moss gametophytes

capsule

portion of the bryophyte sporophyte in which spores are produced

calypta

leaf-like structure that covers the capsule

liverwort

spore-producing nonvascular, thalloid, or leafy plants; life cycle similar to mosses

thallus

a body that lacks roots, stems, or leaves

gemma

small body of tissue that becomes detached from a parent liverwort and is capable of developing into a new organism

Marchantia polymorpha

common liverwort

Bazzania trilobata

leafy liverwort

hornwort

spore-producing, nonvascular thalloid plants with a life cycle similar to that of mosses

thalloid

sporophytes form hornlike projections out of the gametophyte thallus

Anthoceros natans

common hornwort

dehydration

the main challenge for bryophytes

weathers rocks; prevents soil erosion

ecological significance of bryophytes