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Behavioral perspective
says that mental disorders are caused by maladaptive (unhelpful) learned associations/conditioning.
Ex. fear is classically conditioned; bad event leads to fear
Ex. Reinforcement helps maintain phobias and compulsions
Psychodynamic Perspective
says that mental disorders are caused by unconscious thoughts and experiences, often developed during childhood.
Humanistic perspective
says that mental disorders are caused by a lack of social support and being unable to fulfill one’s potential.
Cognitive Perspective
says that mental disorders are caused by maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, or emotions.
Evolutionary Perspective
says that mental disorders are caused by genetic mutations that cause behaviors and mental processes that may have once been adaptive, or may be adaptive in some circumstances, but not general adaptive today.
Ex. Schizophrenia and bipolar disorders may be effects of a genetic mutation that promotes creativity.
Sociocultural perspective
says that mental disorders are caused by maladaptive social and cultural relationships and dynamics.
Biological perspective
says that mental disorders are caused by physiological or genetic issues.
Ex. Imbalance of neurotransmitters or hormones
Ex. twin studies show genetic contribution to schizophrenia
Biopsychosocial model
assumes that psychological disorders involve a combination of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors
Diathesis-stress model
assumes that psychological disorders develop due to genetic vulnerability (diathesis) in combination with stressful life experiences (stress)
Neurodevelopmental disorders
defined as beginning in childhood. Characterized by exhibiting behaviors inappropriate for a person’s age or maturity range. Causes are environmental, physiological, and/or genetic.
Positive symptoms
addition of inapproriate cognitions or behaviors
Negative symptoms
absence of appropriate cognitions or behaviors
Delusions
false beliefs, often grandeur (exaggerated sense of self-importance) or persecution (everyone is out to get me).
Hallucinations
false perceptions (no sensory input), can involve multiple senses but most often hearing +
Word Salad
stringing words together in nonsensical ways+
Catatonia
disorganized movement can be stupor or excitement
Stupor
Lack of movement
Excitement
Excessive, often repetitve movements
Flat affect
no emotional expression
Dopamine hypothesis
people with schizophrenia have high levels of dopamine.
