Dosage forms and compounding, student questions lecture 2

) What are not disadvantages of oral drug administration?

A - Some drugs are not absorbed orally.

B - Cost effective

C - The acidic stomach environment can degrade some drugs.

D - Absorption can be affected by food.

B - Cost effective

T/F: Tap water can't be used for pharmaceutical preparations because it contains impurities like iron, calcium, and sodium that can affect drug stability.

True

Which of the following dosage forms has the shortest time until effect?

a. Sublingual tablet

b. Suppository

c. Intravenous

d. Transdermal patch

C. Intravenous

Which of the following is a common impurity in tap water?

a. Manganese

b. Iron

c. Sodium

d. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following routes of administration bypasses the first-pass effect and provides rapid systemic absorption?

a) Oral

b) Sublingual

c) Rectal

d) Topical

b) Sublingual

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using solutions as a dosage form?

a) They require shaking before administration

b) They have a lower bioavailability than solid dosage forms

c) They often have a shorter shelf life due to stability concerns

d) They cannot be administered via the oral route

c) They often have a shorter shelf life due to stability concerns

What is the volume injection for an IM route of administration?

a) Less than 1.3 mL

b) More than 1.3mL

c) 0.5 - 2mL

d) 1 - 2mL

c) 0.5 - 2mL

What is the recommended ethanol percentage in OTC products in children ages 6 -12?

a) 0.5%

b) 1%

c) 5%

d) 10%

c) 5%

What is a humectant?

Substance used to maintain humidity, moisture.

What are the names of the 2 phase systems of liquids?

Single-phase system

Multi-phase system

what 2 routes of administration are common for diabetes be treated in?

A. SQ and PO

B. PO and rectally

C. IV and IM

A. SQ and PO

Which is a local form of administration?

A. tablet

B. injection

C. inhalation

D. lotion/cream

D. lotion/cream

If a drug is administered via the epidural route, does it enter the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A. Yes

B. No

B. No

A drug administered orally undergoes significant metabolism before reaching systemic circulation. This process, known as the first-pass effect, primarily occurs in which organ, reducing the drug's bioavailability?

A. Kidneys

B. Lungs

C. Liver

D. Stomach

C. Liver

Alcohol is a solvent (T/F)

True

. The dose for an Iv from a tablet is always 1:1. (T/F)

False

True or False: Some advantages of single-phase systems include easy to swallow, homogenous, and bioavailability is highest for solutions.

True

What are additional possible components of medicated syrups? Select all that apply.

a. Alcohol

b. Propylene glycol

c. Preservatives

d. Thickeners

e. Polyols

a. Alcohol

c. Preservatives

d. Thickeners

e. Polyols

Which of these routes of administration, would you suppose, has the fastest time of effect?

A. Intramuscular

B. Intravenous

C. Ingestion

D. Subcutaneous

B.) Intravenous

True or False?

Betamethasone is more aqueous soluble than its derivative betamethasone sodium phosphate?

False

Which of the following is an advantage of single-phase liquid dosage forms?

A) They require shaking

B) They provide the highest absorption rate and bioavailability

C) They have a longer onset of action compared to solid dosage forms

D) They always contain multiple active ingredients

B) They provide the highest absorption rate and bioavailability

What is the primary function of preservatives in pharmaceutical formulations?

A) To improve the drug's taste

B) To enhance the drug's absorption rate

C) To prevent microbial growth and extend shelf life

D) To increase the viscosity of the solution

C) To prevent microbial growth and extend shelf life

1.Which of the following best describes the Route of Administration (ROA) of a drug?

A) The chemical composition of a drug

B) The method by which a drug is metabolized in the liver

C) The path by which a drug product/dosage form is brought into contact with the body

D) The process of drug excretion from the body

C) The path by which a drug product/dosage form is brought into contact with the body

2.Which statement correctly differentiates local and systemic drug administration?

A) Local administration delivers the drug directly to the site of action, while systemic administration requires the drug to enter the circulatory system.

B) Systemic administration is always faster than local administration.

C) Local administration is only used for skin treatments.

D) Systemic administration cannot be achieved through oral routes

A) Local administration delivers the drug directly to the site of action, while systemic administration requires the drug to enter the circulatory system.

True or false: Intramuscular administration is an example of enteral route.

False

True or false: An oral liquid solution will have better bioavailability than an oral tablet.

True

True or False: Non-medicated syrup (NF) is self-preserving.

False:

True or False: Polyols, an additional possible component of medicated syrups, make formulations more compatible.

True

True or false: Solutions are only appropriate for being administered orally.

False, various routes

True or false: There is no way to modify lipophilic substances to be administered as drugs due to them being poorly soluble in water.

false

Which of the following is an example of an intradermal injection?

a. Estradiol

b. Morphine Sulfate ER

c. Steroids

d. Insulin

a. Estradiol

What is the recommended limitation for giving over-the-counter (OTC) medications to children under 6 years old?

a. 5%

b. 1%

c. 0.5%

d. 10%

c. 0.5%

What does it mean when a drug is administered locally?

A. The drug is absorbed into the bloodstream and distributed throughout the body.

B. The drug is applied directly to the site where its effects are needed.

C. The drug is taken orally and processed through the digestive system.

D. The drug is injected into a muscle for systemic absorption.

B. The drug is applied directly to the site where its effects are needed.

True or False. Systemic drug administration involves the entrance of the drug into the circulatory system, allowing it to reach its site of action.

True

1) What are the three most common parenteral routes of administration?

a. Intravenous, Intramuscular, Intradermal

b. Intravenous, Intramuscular, Intrathecal

c. Intravenous, Intrathecal, Subcutaneous

d. Intravenous, Intramuscular, Subcutaneous

d. Intravenous, Intramuscular, Subcutaneous

2) What is the main difference between single-phase and multi-phase systems?

a. Liquid single-phase dosage forms are always colorless

b. There are solids present in liquid dosage forms, not multi-phase

c. Liquid multi-phase dosage form includes two liquids that do not mix together,

d. Liquid multi-phase dosage form includes two liquids that do mix together

c. Liquid multi-phase dosage form includes two liquids that do not mix together,

Ocular drops therapeutic effect is systemic.

a) true

b) false

B. False

What classification is an intrathecal drug considered?

a) local

b)enteral

c) parenteral

d) transdermal

c) parenteral

Syrups have self sustaing preservative properties.

False

Which one of the following is true about intrathecal administrations?

A. Commonly used for cancer pain

B. Used to deliver medication to spinal cord

C. Used to deliver medication to brain

D. All of the above is true

D. All of the above is true

Which of the following statements about the first-pass effect is true?

A. It increases the concentration of a drug in systemic circulation.

B. It occurs after the drug passes through the liver.

C. It reduces a drug's concentration before reaching systemic circulation.

D. It is only applicable to intravenous drugs.

C. It reduces a drug's concentration before reaching systemic circulation.

Drugs administered through the subcutaneous route have a slower onset of action compared to the intramuscular route but faster than the oral route.

True

False

True

True or False : Conjunctival administration is the application of a drug to the lining of the inside of the gums.

False

True or False : No single method of drug administration is ideal for all drugs at all circumstances.

True

What layer of the skin is used for transdermal delivery system?

a. Epidermis

b. subcutaneous tissue

c.dermis

d. muscle

c.dermis

True or false: Tap water can be used to prepare pharmaceutical dosage forms.

False

1) Intramuscular route is more rapid than the oral route.

True or False

True

Intrathecal route_____

A) Delivers drugs to the spinal cord and brain

B) Delivers to the outside of the dura and not into the cerebrospinal fluid

C) Undergoes first pass effect

D) None of the above

A) Delivers drugs to the spinal cord and brain

A suspension is a liquid dosage form in which solid particles are dispersed in a liquid medium but do not dissolve in it. True or False?

True

A subcutaneous injection has a faster time until effect than an intravenous injection. True or False

False

What is the volume amount of an intramuscular injection?

a. 5-7 mL

b.1-6 mL

c. 0.5-2 mL

d.0.15-1 mL

c. 0.5-2 mL

Is the subcutaneous injection suitable for self -administration?

True

False

True

Which of the following statements about parabens is incorrect?

a. Parabens are stable over a pH range of 4 - 8

b. Parabens have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity

c. Parabens may be used as a substitute for glycerin

d. Parabens are a type of parahydroxybenzoic acid ester

c. Parabens may be used as a substitute for glycerin

True or false. Some advantages of single-phase systems include bulkiness, shelf-life, and taste of drug.

false.

1. At what pH range are paraben preservatives stable?

a. 4-8

b. 2-6

c. 9-12

d. 1-3

a. 4-8

. Which is not a method of preparation of purified water?

a. Distillation

b. Sedimentation

c. Ion-exchange treatment

d. Reverse osmosis

b. Sedimentation

This route of administration requires no special training:

A. IV

B. PO

C. IM

D. IT

B. PO

All of the following are disadvantages of parental routes except:

A. Cost

B. Tissue damage

C. Unconscious patient

D. Patient acceptance

C. Unconscious patient

Which of the following is NOT a component of medicated syrups?

a. Sweeteners

b. Ethanol

c. Preservatives

d. Water

b. Ethanol

What is the most important factor when giving an injection

a. Inject the patient as fast as possible

b. Reduce how painful the injection is

c. The injection is cold when administered

d. The needle must be sterile

C.) The needle must be sterile

Is Intranasal part of the local effects classification?

True

False

True

What are the following advantages of single-phase systems?

A) stability and shelf life

B) easy to swallow

C) homogenous

D) B and C

D) B and C

What is the benefit of using syrups for medications?

A. Masks flavor and is used commonly for children.

B. High alcohol content

C. Improves solubility

D. Has no CNS activity

A. Masks flavor and is used commonly for children.

The Epidural Route?

A. Is a parenteral route, and medication is injected into the CSF.

B. Is a enteral route, and medication is injected into outside of the dura.

C. Is a enteral route, and medication is injected into the CSF.

D. Is a parenteral route and medication is injected into outside of the dura

D. Is a parenteral route and medication is injected into outside of the dura

If a formulation has around 15%-20% of alcohol, additional preservatives may not be needed. (T/F)

True

What color are single-phase systems?

a. Clear

b. Blue

c. Colorless

d. Purple

a. Clear

According to USP, when water is evaporated to dryness, it must not yield more than....

A. 5% of residue

B. 3% of residue

C. 1% of residue

D. 10% of residue

C. 1% of residue

The conversion of a parent drug into its phosphate ester form, serves to....

A. Decrease its solubility in water

B. Stabilize the medication in water

C. Enhance its solubility in water

D. Increase solubility in alcohol

C. Enhance its solubility in water

All of the following are disadvantages of the administration of oral drugs except:

A. Chance for irregular absorption

B. Some drugs are not absorbed orally

C. Requires no special training

D. Patients occasionally have an absorption malfunction

C. Requires no special training

Tap water can be used to prepare pharmaceutical dosage forms.

A. True

B. False

B. False

For which route of administration is the first pass effect not seen?

a. PO

b. IV

b. TD

b. IV

TRUE OR TRUE OR FALSE: there are three classifications regarding routes of administration; local, systemic and mucosa.there are three classifications regarding routes of administration; local, systemic and mucosa.

False

What makes taking parental route an advantage?

A.)For patients who are unconscious or unable to take medications.

B.)Causes vomiting

C.)Patient acceptance

D.)Tissue damage

A.)For patients who are unconscious or unable to take medications.

Why is single phase an advantage?

A.)Easy to swallow

B.)Bulkiness

C.)Dose accuracy

A.)Easy to swallow

1. What type of drug is Betamethasone?

a. Lipophilic

b. Hydrophilic

c. Amphiphilic

d. Polar

a. Lipophilic

2. Why can't tap water be used to prepare pharmaceutical dosage forms?

a. Tap water is too expensive

b. Tap water has a high pH

c. Tap water evaporates too quickly

d. Tap water contains major impurities

d. Tap water contains major impurities

True or False: The greater the first-pass effect, the less the agent will reach the systemic circulation.

False

Which of the following is delivered outside of the dura and not the cerebrospinal fluid?

A. Intravenous

B. Epidural

C. Intrathecal

D. Interdermal

B. Epidural

First-pass effect occurs after a drug has already circulated throughout the body.

True

False

False

Which of the following statements are true about Bioavailability in liquid dosage forms?

A.) Bioavailability of a drug in a liquid dosage form is not affected by the formulation or excipients used.

B.) Bioavailability of a drug in a liquid dosage form can be influenced by the presence of food in the stomach.

C.) Bioavailability of a drug in a liquid dosage form is not relevant for drug efficacy.

B.) Bioavailability of a drug in a liquid dosage form can be influenced by the presence of food in the stomach.

what is defined when a pharmacological agent occurs as it is absorbed from the gut and delivered to the liver via the portal circulation?

-Onset of action

-Hepatic metabolism

-ROA

-injection site

Hepatic metabolism

What is an example of a parental route of administration?

-Tablet

-syrups

-Intramuscular

-solution suspensions

-Intramuscular

What does local mean in regard to routes of administration?

a.) Direct application of the drug to the desired site of action

b.) Entrance of drug into the circulatory system and transport to the site of action

c.) IM, IV and SubQ

d.) None of the above

a.) Direct application of the drug to the desired site of action

Which route(s) of administration are Enteral?

a.) Oral

b.) Sublingual

c.) Rectal

d.) All of the above

e.) None of the above

d.) All of the above

1) Intramuscular route is more rapid and longer lasting than IV route.

A) True

B) False

B) False

2) Which of the following is an example of a parenteral route of administration?

A) Oral

B) Nasal

C) Intramuscular

D) Bucal

C) Intramuscular

An emulsion is a liquid dosage form where solid particles are dispersed within a liquid medium. True or False

False

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of single-phase systems?

A.) High absorption rate

B.) Easy to swallow

C.) Dose accuracy

D.) Uniform dose

C.) Dose accuracy