Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Flashcards

Flashcards covering key concepts from the cellular respiration and fermentation lecture.

What are the two main categories of metabolic processes?

Anabolism and catabolism

How do phototrophs obtain energy?

From sunlight to synthesize organic compounds for nutrition

What is the primary aim of cellular respiration?

To make ATP and NADH

What is consumed and released during aerobic respiration?

O2 is consumed, and CO2 is released

What are the four metabolic pathways of glucose metabolism?

Glycolysis, breakdown of pyruvate, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

What is the Warburg effect?

Cancer cells preferentially use glycolysis while decreasing oxidative phosphorylation.

What happens to pyruvate in eukaryotes during cellular respiration?

It is transported into the mitochondrial matrix.

What is the yield of NADH for each pyruvate during the breakdown of pyruvate?

1 NADH

What is regenerated to start the citric acid cycle again?

Oxaloacetate

How many molecules of CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP are released in the Citric Acid Cycle?

2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP

In oxidative phosphorylation, what is the role of high-energy electrons removed from NADH and FADH2?

To make ATP

What does the movement of electrons generate during the electron transport chain process?

An H+ electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force)

What is Chemiosmosis?

Chemical synthesis of ATP as a result of pushing H+ across a membrane

How many ATP molecules can NADH oxidation create?

Up to 30-34 ATP molecules/glucose

What did Racker and Stoeckenius confirm about ATP synthase?

ATP uses an H+ electrochemical gradient

What happens to the beta subunits in the ATP synthase?

Rotation of the gamma subunit causes the beta subunits to progress through a series of conformational changes that lead to the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi.

What are the two strategies for ATP production in environments that lack oxygen?

Anaerobic respiration and fermentation

What does fermentation produce?

Far less ATP than oxidative phosphorylation

Name two specific acids that two pyruvates are reduced to in the cell.

Two lactate molecules and two ethanol molecules