GENERAL CONCEPTS AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Science

is a body of knowledge that seeks to understand the natural world

“Scientia” - “Knowledge”

Science Latin Word

Science

Refers to a systematic and methodical activity of building and organizing knowledge about how the universe behaves through observation, experimentation, or both

1. Idea

2. Personal & social activity

3. Course or field of study

4. Intellectual activity

Science is a/an:

Technology

as artifacts refers to products, inventions and outputs such as the microscope, solar panel ang light bulb.

Technology as a technique

refers to practices, methods or steps such as genetic engineering, rice planting and welding

Technology as a personal and social activity

This makes technology a tool for humans to improve themselves, and their everyday life. It also means that technology is connected with the society and everyone’s life.

Society

A group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations

Science, Technology, and Society

It is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture

Ancient World - Stone Tools

The ______ marked the beginning of science and technology through the development of ______ used for hunting and gathering. Early humans learned how to make tools and weapons, use fire, and identify edible plants and animals.

Agricultural Revolution - Middle East

10,000 years ago

copper, bronze, and iron tools

Ancient World Tools

Socrates

is known for his method of inquiry called elenchus

Plato

Always emphasized the concept of ‘proof’ and insisted on having concrete and clear hypothesiss

Aristotle

Known for his deductive method of scientific inquiring, observation

Alexandria

became a center of scientific knowledge

Edwin Smith Papyrus

One of the first important scientific text from Africa. It is a medical text about ancient surgery methods.

Great Wall (Classical Antiquity)

The greatest construction achievement of China at the time

Middle Age (530 AD)

The development of science and technology declined

Roman Empire (530 - 1000 AD)

seemed less interested with theoretical science

Deadly plague (Middle Ages)

developed a cure for

China (Middle Ages)

From Europe, the center of science and technology shifted to ____ and nearby areas

India - importance of zero (Middle Ages)

In ____, mathematics, medicine, and astronomy were well-advanced. One of their greatest discovery is the ______ in mathematics, which prior to that time is not well-understood.

Islamic Civilization - borax (Middle Ages)

was also well-developed. They developed astronomical tables, new chemicals such as ____, and new techniques. In medicine, they led the development of new instruments and humane treatments. However, they failed to advance further their study of anatomy as Islam prohibits body autopsy at that time.

Emperor Charlemagne (Middle Ages)

Science was revived in Europe by _____. He ordered the establishment of schools which became centers of knowledge and discovery.

Modern Age/industrial revolution

Age of Discovery and Exploration

ships that can withstand long voyages and compass

The two most important were the development of (Modern Age/industrial revolution)

Leonardo da Vinci

The states in Europe encouraged technological advancements, primarily for defense and trade. Technology was taught in universities. Many artists also became scientists such as

Renaissance

is a cultural movement that is based on humanism, a system of thought that gives more importance to humans than supernatural powers.

Scientific Revolution (Modern Age)

In the latter part of Renaissance, the _____ emerged

England’s Royal Society - Isaac Newton and Benjamin Franklin - (Modern Age)

It started at the same time as the foundation of ______ which paved the way for a more organized scientific community.

Telescope and Microscope

Modern Age science technologies

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) - Copernican revolution

became the center of controversy due to his heliocentric view of the Universe, an idea that was opposed by the Church. This marked the so-called _, which was a shift from the geocentric view of the universe.

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) (Modern Age)

He introduced experimentation using the scientific method. He also developed many mathematical explanations to many natural concepts. He invented many equipment and devices. His works led to the development of modern science.

17th to 18th - Carolus Linnaeus - ‘Enlightenment’

From century, science and technology further developed. Another period emerged starting from the publication of _’ works on biological classification.

This period is also known as the __, which emphasized logic and reasoning. It was a shift from the Renaissance which was dominated by the teachings of the Church and of the early Greek and Roman Philosophers.

Isaac Newton (1643-1727) - Principia

established the foundation of modern-day physics

steam engine - James Watt (1736-1819) - Industrial Revolution

The most revolutionary of them is the _. It was invented by _ in 1765. The steam engine made many industrial processes possible. This is part of the _.

19th - communal effort

From century, science advanced at a much rapid rate than any other period before. Science also emerged as a _, wherein more collaborations among scientists occurred. More inventions and discoveries happened in this century.

Theory of Evolution - Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

It was opposed by the Church and the general public at that time. However, the theory is considered a milestone in the field of biology.

Plastics - 1940s and 1950s.

This led to the development of new appliances, materials and products. However, in recent times, plastics pose a problem to the environment due to its very low biodegradability. It is now one of the main environmental pollutants.

DNA - 1953 - James Watson and Francis Crick - Rosalind Franklin

The structure of the - was discovered in by - and - with the aid from studies of other scientists such as -.

1940 - Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane - DDT - environmentalism

In the - , the development of the pesticide -, more commonly known as -, as well as the invention of fertilizers, hybrid seeds and farm equipment, led to a new agricultural revolution. This led to increased food production.

However, when it was found that has negative effects on biodiversity and health, the movement of - emerged as society’s response.

‘Digital Revolution’ or ‘Information Age’

The development of computers, Internet, software and other digital technologies paved the way for the - .

1000 AD

Filipinos have developed good shipbuilding technology. They used these ships for fishing, trade and transportation, given that early societies were located near bodies of water.

16th century

Spaniards observed that some Filipino communities know artillery. They have many good weapons such as bows, spears and swords. Agricultural practices such as rice farming, livestock raising, and fishing

Spaniards - Science

The beginning of modern science and technology in the Philippines was brought by the _. They established schools, hospitals and research facilities that were usually controlled by religious orders.- as a profession was established.

Anacleto del Rosario, Leon Ma. Guerrero, and Trinidad Pardo de Tavera

The Filipinos who became scientists went to Europe for training and study

medicine and pharmacy

As the Spanish regime ended, only two science professions were relatively more developed

University of the Philippines and the Philippine Normal College (Philippine Normal University)

After the First Republic, science and technology in the Philippines rapidly advanced due to the Americans. Secularized public schools were established.

1905 - Bureau of Science

In - , the - was established. It was the main research facility in the country until World War II. Most of the researches done were on leprosy, cholera, dengue and malaria which, at the time, were the most dominant diseases among Filipinos.

1906 - Philippine Journal of Science

In - , the - was established to report scientific findings and observations.

1933 - ‘National Research Council of the Philippines’

In -, the Philippine Legislature passed an Act establishing the - , which was tasked to promote scientific research.

1947 - Institute of Science

In -, the Bureau of Science was replaced by the -.

1952 - Science Foundation of the Philippines

In -, the - was established to promote science among Filipinos.

1957

In -, a study was done to determine the sudden decline of science and technology in the Philippines.