HI 207 NCSU Midterm

Ur

an early Sumerian city in ancient Mesopotamia

Phoenicians

Located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols like cuneiform

King Scorpion

Predynastic Egyptian ruler

Uruk

City representing Mesopotamian culture- existed from 4000 to 2900 BCE

Weni

Court official of 6th dynasty ancient Egypt. In tomb, Autobiography was discovered.

Tell el-Amarna

Site of ruins/tombs of Akhetaton. Upper Egypt

Enkidu

In the epic of Gilgamesh, the wild man created by the gods to distract Gilgamesh from his antisocial activities.

Ebla

Syrian city that established a civilization with a trading economy around 2500 B.C.E.

Nubia

A civilization to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley, noted for development of an alphabetic writing system and a major iron working industry by 500 BCE

Sea Peoples

Indo-European invaders (ca. 1200 BCE) who conquered the Hittites, ended the Egyptian dominance of Palestine, and ended the bronze age

Nineveh

Capital of the assyrian empire, time of Sennacherib

Israelites

What Hebrews were called after Moses received the ten commandments

Narmer palette

An artifact discovered at the site of Hierakonpolis; its two sides show the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under King Narmer

Linear B

Mycenaean written script, adapted from the Minoan Linear A.

Sennacherib

Kind of Assyria 704-681 BCE

Thera

Island in Aegean Sea, site of Minoan colony

Akhenaton

Egyptian pharaoh of the New Kingdom; attempted to establish a one-god religion, replacing the traditional Egyptian pantheon of gods. 1351-1334 BCE

Utnapishtim

Epic of Gilgamesh- Survivor of a flood sent by the gods to destroy humanity; the gods granted him eternal life.

Amorites

A group of semitic people who overwhelmed the Mesopotamians and founded the Babylonian Empire, 2000 BCE

Eridu

Considered the oldest known city in the world. located in southern Mesopotamia, was inhabited by sumerians

Thutmose III

A pharaoh during the Middle Kingdom that was one of the greatest conquerers and many new lands were brought under control under his reign. 1479-1425 BCE

Cyrus

Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples. King of Persia.

Solomon

The Hebrew king who built Jerusalem's first Hebrew temple; son of King David. 970-930 BCE

Abydos

One of the most ancient cities of Upper Egypt. According to Egyptian Mythology-the holy city where Osiris was buried, in addition to many other pharaohs

Hyksos

Semitic people who invaded Egypt in 1730 BCE, beginning the second Intermediate period during which the Hyksos (meaning "foreigner) ruled as pharaohs in Lower Egypt and exacted tribute from the royal families in Thebes.

Hittites

An ancient Anatolian group whose empire at largest extent consisted of most of the Middle East. Some of the first two-wheeled chariots and iron. Settles Anatolia 2000 BCE

Philistines

A powerful nation that invaded Canaan from the sea and became the most hated enemies of Israel. Descended from Pelset ppl in Palestine

Jericho

Palestinian city dating back 9000 BCE, destroyed by Israelites in bible

Troy

city in northwest Anatonia, destroyed by mycenaeans

Kassites

into European people who invaded Mesopotamia in 1500 BCE

Natufians

hunter-gatherer peoples of Syria and Palestine, 10500-8000 BCE

Uruk Vase

Vase found in temple of Sumerian goddess Inanna

Wen-Amon

Egyptian text dating back to 1000 BCE about a man set on a journey to procure wood for god Amun

Catal Huyuk

One of first true cities in history, created in the Neolithic Era in 7400 to 6000 BC, from which were created agriculture, trading, temples, housing, and religions

Djoser

Pharaoh who had the first pyramid built for him. 2668-2649 BCE

Sargon

Ruler of Akkadian empire, 721-705 BCE

Nebuchadnezzar

A Babylonian king who conquered Jerusalem and built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. 1125-1104 BCE

Enheduanna

The earliest known poet whose name has been recorded & Daughter of Sargon of Akkad. Lived in Ur, 2285-2250 BCE

Ziggurat

Step pyramid used as temple during Bronze Age mesopotamia

Cuneiform

Method of writing using characters scratched onto clay tablets

Uruk Period

state formation: kingship, centralization, institutions, conlfict/conquest, economic expansion

urbanization: cities and integrated countryside, occupational specialization, social hierarchy

emergence of writing: numerical sign system used as an admin tool, pictographic script

Akkadian Empire and Ur III

political expansion: city-states develop into regional-scale states

political and economic centralization: consolidation of agricultural land, complex economic systems, divine kingship

standardization: script, measuring systems, calendar, record keeping

Old KIngdom Egypt

Political and economic centralization: focusing on the king as a god on earth

Resources poured into royal construction projects: tombs, temples, palaces, irrigation works

Development of a complex bureaucracy: managing redistributive economy centered around royal mortuary cult

New Kingdom Egypt

emergence of "great powers": NK Egypt, Kassite Babylonia, Assyria, Mittani, Cyprus, Minoan Crete, Mycenaean Greece

focus on diplomatic exchange of messengers, goods, and women among great powers

extensive international trade

increasing social stratification: elite and commoner differentiation

Minoan Civilization and Mycenaean Civilization

significant social inequality

2 key writing systems developed: Linear A(undeciphered) and Linear B

Shift from Minoan to Mycenanaean domination: 1450 BCE Greeks take over Crete

Assyrian and Persian Empire

annual military campaigns: support imperial expansion and mitigate vassal state rebellion

violence and threats employed as political intimidation

massive forced population movements

major monumental construction projects: capital cities, palaces, temples

Creation

Creation of Humans by Enki and Ninmeh

- enki = god of water

- namma = mother of gods

- ninmeh = ancient mother goddess

- created humans to relieve the gods of their workload

- efforts were off which led to human disability

The Creation Story - Genesis 1-7

- the world was created in God's image

- took God 6 days to create the world and he rested on the 7th

- everything he said came into fruition

- the woman was created from man

- original sin of man and woman compares to the disability seen in Enki and Ninmeh's Creation

Justice

The Code of Hammurabi

- laws from sun god Shamash

- near eastern law on cuneiform by Hammurabi

- protects the interests of ALL people in Hammurabi's empire

- combines codes of law in Hebrew Bible and Ur-Nammu

- talks about righteousness and the promotion of the welfare of Hammurabi's people through law

- eye for an eye with social standing considerations

Laws of the Hebrew Bible - Exodus 20

- covenant made with God- would make the Hebrews his chosen people if they obeyed his laws

- 10 commandments

- many ordinances that govern interpersonal relationships

- each ordinance explains an action and the justice that will be served as a result

- eye for an eye

Warfare

Invasion of the Sea Peoples

- Indo-European invaders destroy Hittite empires and smaller states in the Eastern Mediterranean coast

- moved to Egypt but were defeated by Pharaoh Ramses II

- survivors scattered and wrecked havoc throughout the Mediterranean

- barbaric nature of the people at the time

The Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem

- Assyria and Sennacherib attack Jerusalem

- Assyria captures numerous cities in Galilei

- they believed the Lord was telling them to destroy cities

- Believe that the Lord will deliver the city to them

- Mention "look at all the cities around us that were destroyed" did their gods deliver them?

Kingship

The Sumerian King List

- clay cuneiform blocks

- sequential king list

- dynasties overlapping with conflicts

- floods shortened the time that kings ruled on average

- various regions had different dynasties

- everlasting fight for supremacy in Mesopotamia and Sumer

The Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem

- bargaining between King Hezekiah of Judah and King Sennacherib of Assyria

- the kings would speak with God and be told where to attack and which cities would be delivered to them

- kings were leaders of the armies but did not handle negotiations personally

constant struggle for more power