IGCSE Chemistry

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 1 person
0.0(0)
full-widthCall Kai
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
GameKnowt Play
Card Sorting

1/329

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

330 Terms

1
New cards

What is melting?

When a solid changes into a liquid

<p>When a solid changes into a liquid</p>
2
New cards

What is boiling?

When a liquid changes into a gas (from below surface as well as at surface)

<p>When a liquid changes into a gas (from below surface as well as at surface)</p>
3
New cards

What is freezing?

When a liquid changes into a solid

<p>When a liquid changes into a solid</p>
4
New cards

What is evaporation?

When a liquid changes into a gas (at surface only)

<p>When a liquid changes into a gas (at surface only)</p>
5
New cards

What is condensation?

When a gas changes into a liquid

<p>When a gas changes into a liquid</p>
6
New cards

What is sublimation?

When a solid changes directly into a gas

<p>When a solid changes directly into a gas</p>
7
New cards

What is deposition?

When a gas changes into a solid

8
New cards

What are intermolecular forces?

Forces between molecules

<p>Forces between molecules</p>
9
New cards

What is a solution?

The mixture formed when a solute has dissolved in a solvent

<p>The mixture formed when a solute has dissolved in a solvent</p>
10
New cards

What is a solute?

Substance being dissolved

<p>Substance being dissolved</p>
11
New cards

What is a solvent?

Substance where the solute is dissolved

<p>Substance where the solute is dissolved</p>
12
New cards

What is a saturated solution?

A solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute

<p>A solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute</p>
13
New cards

What is a soluble substance?

A substance that dissolves in a solvent

<p>A substance that dissolves in a solvent</p>
14
New cards

What is an insoluble substance?

A substance that can't be dissolved

<p>A substance that can't be dissolved</p>
15
New cards

What is diffusion?

Net movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

<p>Net movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration</p>
16
New cards

What is dilution?

Mixing a substance with a solvent to make it less concentrated

<p>Mixing a substance with a solvent to make it less concentrated</p>
17
New cards

What is Brownian motion?

When particles in fluids move randomly because they are bombarded by other moving particles

18
New cards

What is a homogeneous mixture?

A mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout

<p>A mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout</p>
19
New cards

Why doesn't diffusion happen in solids?

Because the particles don't move

20
New cards

What are isotopes?

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

<p>Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons</p>
21
New cards

What does the group number tell you?

How many electrons are in the outer shell

<p>How many electrons are in the outer shell</p>
22
New cards

What does the period number tell you?

Number of shells

<p>Number of shells</p>
23
New cards

Why do atoms want a full outer shell?

So they can become more stable

24
New cards

What is ionic bonding?

Transfer of electrons between a metal and a non-metal

<p>Transfer of electrons between a metal and a non-metal</p>
25
New cards

What is electrostatic attraction?

Attraction between opposite charges

26
New cards

What happens when an atom loses an electron?

It becomes a positive ion because it loses a negative charge

<p>It becomes a positive ion because it loses a negative charge</p>
27
New cards

What is a covalent bonding?

when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

<p>when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons</p>
28
New cards

What is simple distillation?

Used for separating a liquid from a solution

<p>Used for separating a liquid from a solution</p>
29
New cards

What is fractional distillation?

A technique for separation of a mixture of liquids that have different boiling points

<p>A technique for separation of a mixture of liquids that have different boiling points</p>
30
New cards

What does miscible mean?

Two liquids which can mix together

<p>Two liquids which can mix together</p>
31
New cards

What is filtration?

Used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid

<p>Used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid</p>
32
New cards

What is crystallisation?

Separates a soluble solid in a solvent from a solvent

<p>Separates a soluble solid in a solvent from a solvent</p>
33
New cards

What is chromatography?

Used to separate a mixture of substances dissolved in a solvent

<p>Used to separate a mixture of substances dissolved in a solvent</p>
34
New cards

Why is the line drawn in pencil in chromatography?

Pencil is insoluble and will not dissolve in the solvent

<p>Pencil is insoluble and will not dissolve in the solvent</p>
35
New cards

Why are group 1 metals so reactive?

Because they only have one electron in their outer shell

<p>Because they only have one electron in their outer shell</p>
36
New cards

What are group 1 atoms known as?

The alkali metals

37
New cards

What are group 7 atoms known as?

The halogens

38
New cards

Why does bonding occur?

To make atoms stable

<p>To make atoms stable</p>
39
New cards

What is an element?

A substance that contains only one type of atom

<p>A substance that contains only one type of atom</p>
40
New cards

What is a compound?

2 or more elements chemically combined

<p>2 or more elements chemically combined</p>
41
New cards

What is a mixture?

Two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together

<p>Two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together</p>
42
New cards

What is a molecule?

2 or more atoms bonded together

<p>2 or more atoms bonded together</p>
43
New cards

What does the amount of energy needed to change state from solid to liquid or liquid to gas depend on?

The strength of the forces between the particles of the substance

<p>The strength of the forces between the particles of the substance</p>
44
New cards

Ammonium

NH₄⁺

<p>NH₄⁺</p>
45
New cards

Hydroxide

OH⁻

<p>OH⁻</p>
46
New cards

Carbonate

CO₃²⁻

<p>CO₃²⁻</p>
47
New cards

Nitrate

NO₃⁻

<p>NO₃⁻</p>
48
New cards

Sulfate

SO₄²⁻

<p>SO₄²⁻</p>
49
New cards

What is the structure of an ionic compound?

Giant ionic lattice

<p>Giant ionic lattice</p>
50
New cards

Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?

Due to the strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions

<p>Due to the strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions</p>
51
New cards

In what state do ionic compounds conduct electricity?

Liquid state

<p>Liquid state</p>
52
New cards

What is an atom?

Ana atom is the smallest unit of matter

<p>Ana atom is the smallest unit of matter</p>
53
New cards

What is an RF value?

The ratio of the solute's distance travelled to the solvent's distance travelled

<p>The ratio of the solute's distance travelled to the solvent's distance travelled</p>
54
New cards

What is relative atomic mass?

Average of the mass numbers of the different isotopes

<p>Average of the mass numbers of the different isotopes</p>
55
New cards

What is abundance?

Relative amount of each isotope

<p>Relative amount of each isotope</p>
56
New cards

What is the mass number?

Number of protons and neutrons

<p>Number of protons and neutrons</p>
57
New cards

What is an electron?

A negatively charged subatomic particle

<p>A negatively charged subatomic particle</p>
58
New cards

What is the difference between boiling and evaporation?

Boiling affects the whole liquid while evaporation only affects the surface

<p>Boiling affects the whole liquid while evaporation only affects the surface</p>
59
New cards

What is solubility?

A measurement of how much a substance will dissolve in a given volume of a liquid

<p>A measurement of how much a substance will dissolve in a given volume of a liquid</p>
60
New cards

What is an ion?

An atom that is charged because it has lost or gained and electron

<p>An atom that is charged because it has lost or gained and electron</p>
61
New cards

What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonding?

Covalent bonding refers to the sharing of electrons while ionic bonding is the complete transfer of electrons

<p>Covalent bonding refers to the sharing of electrons while ionic bonding is the complete transfer of electrons</p>
62
New cards

What is matter?

Anything that has mass and takes up space

<p>Anything that has mass and takes up space</p>
63
New cards

How does molecular mass affect the rate of diffusion?

Heavier molecules move more slowly; therefore, they diffuse more slowly

<p>Heavier molecules move more slowly; therefore, they diffuse more slowly</p>
64
New cards

Hydrogen

H⁺

<p>H⁺</p>
65
New cards

What is a diatomic molecule?

A molecule consisting of two atoms

<p>A molecule consisting of two atoms</p>
66
New cards

What is the arrangement of particles in a solid?

They are close together in a regular pattern

<p>They are close together in a regular pattern</p>
67
New cards

What is the arrangement of particles in a liquid?

They are close together in a random pattern

<p>They are close together in a random pattern</p>
68
New cards

What is the arrangement of particles in a gas?

They are far apart and in a random pattern

<p>They are far apart and in a random pattern</p>
69
New cards

What is the movement of particles in a solid?

Vibrate around a fixed position

<p>Vibrate around a fixed position</p>
70
New cards

What is the movement of particles in a liquid?

Flow past each other

<p>Flow past each other</p>
71
New cards

What is the movement of particles in a gas?

Move quickly in all directions

<p>Move quickly in all directions</p>
72
New cards

Describe the energy of particles in a solid

Low energy

<p>Low energy</p>
73
New cards

Describe the energy of particles in a liquid

Medium

<p>Medium</p>
74
New cards

Describe the energy of particles in a gas

High

<p>High</p>
75
New cards

How do can you distinguish purity in substances?

Pure substances melt and boil at specific and sharp temperatures e.g. pure water has a boiling point of 100 °C and a melting point of 0 °C

76
New cards

Why do mixtures have a range of melting and boiling points?

They consist of different substances that tend to lower the melting point and broaden the melting point range

<p>They consist of different substances that tend to lower the melting point and broaden the melting point range</p>
77
New cards

What is the stationary phase?

Where the molecules can't move. It is a solid or a really thick liquid

<p>Where the molecules can't move. It is a solid or a really thick liquid</p>
78
New cards

What is the mobile phase?

Where the molecules can move. This is always a liquid or a gas

<p>Where the molecules can move. This is always a liquid or a gas</p>
79
New cards

What are ions?

An atom or molecule with an overall positive or negative charge due to the loss or gain of an electron

80
New cards

What are cations?

Positively charged ions (lose electrons)

<p>Positively charged ions (lose electrons)</p>
81
New cards

What are anions?

Negatively charged ions (gain electrons)

<p>Negatively charged ions (gain electrons)</p>
82
New cards

What is electrostatic attraction?

Attraction between opposite charges

83
New cards

What is an ionic lattice?

A giant structure of ions that held together by ionic bonds that have a regular, repeating arrangement

<p>A giant structure of ions that held together by ionic bonds that have a regular, repeating arrangement</p>
84
New cards

Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?

They have strong ionic bonds so it takes large amounts if energy to overcome forces

<p>They have strong ionic bonds so it takes large amounts if energy to overcome forces</p>
85
New cards

Why don't ionic compounds conduct electricity when solid?

The ions in solids are not free to move as they are held together by strong forces

<p>The ions in solids are not free to move as they are held together by strong forces</p>
86
New cards

In what state do ionic compounds conduct electricity?

Molten or aqueous state

<p>Molten or aqueous state</p>
87
New cards

What is covalent bonding?

The strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms

<p>The strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms</p>
88
New cards

What are simple molecular structures?

When a substance consists of molecules with inter molecular forces of attraction

<p>When a substance consists of molecules with inter molecular forces of attraction</p>
89
New cards

Why do simple molecular substances have low melting and boiling points?

There are weak intermolecular forces although the covalent bonds or intramolecular forces are not broken

<p>There are weak intermolecular forces although the covalent bonds or intramolecular forces are not broken</p>
90
New cards

Why does relative molecular mass increase the melting point and boiling point?

There are more inter molecular forces that need to be broken

<p>There are more inter molecular forces that need to be broken</p>
91
New cards

What is a giant covalent structure?

A huge 3D network of covalently bonded atoms

<p>A huge 3D network of covalently bonded atoms</p>
92
New cards

Why do giant covalent structures have high melting and boiling points?

Large amounts of energy are needed to overcome strong covalent bonds

93
New cards

What is a polar covalent bond?

A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally

<p>A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally</p>
94
New cards

Why do atoms bond?

Because they want to be stable by gaining a full valence shell

<p>Because they want to be stable by gaining a full valence shell</p>
95
New cards

What is a molecule?

A group of atoms bonded together

<p>A group of atoms bonded together</p>
96
New cards

What is an octet?

8 valence electrons

<p>8 valence electrons</p>
97
New cards

What is valence?

The outershell

<p>The outershell</p>
98
New cards

What is electronegativity?

Ability to attract electrons

<p>Ability to attract electrons</p>
99
New cards

What is bond length?

The distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms

<p>The distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms</p>
100
New cards

What are allotropes?

Different forms of the same element

<p>Different forms of the same element</p>