07: Diabetes

How is avian glucose regulation different

They are insulin resistant, but instead of developing diabetes they can just tolerate a high BG

Biochemical description of diabetes

Dysfunction in the metabolism of CHO, fat, and protein

Why do we see increased fat and protein metabolism in diabetes

The animal can’t use glucose, so it has to use alternative energy sources

What happens if there is a lot of GL in the plasma

Increased plasma GL → increased osmotic pull → shrinks cells → hypervolemia and high BP

What happens to the kidneys if there is really high plasma glucose

Osmotic diuresis → kidneys push out lots of body fluids, electrolytes, and glucose

Common causes of reduced insulin production

• T1 diabetes

• Repeat pancreatitis

Why does diabetes result in glucosuria

The spike in BG surpasses the kidney’s ability to reabsorb the GL

Why does high BG result in intracellular and extracellular dehydration

• Osmotically pulls water from the cells

• Diuresis in the kidneys

Diabetic ketoacidosis pathogenesis

No GL utilization → increased fatty acid mobilization → increased ketoacids in blood → dehydration and acidosis

How do animals try to offset the metabolic acidosis

Rapid and deep breathing to buffer

Treatment for type 1 diabetes

• Insulin

• Diet

• Exercise

Why is exercise a treatment for type 1 diabetes

Helps keep skeletal muscle sensitive to insulin, keeping the dose lower

Main treatment complication with type 1 diabetes

Hypoglycemia

Common causes of hypoglycemia with type 1 diabetes

• Exercise causing quick GL uptake

• Medicine interactions

• Vomiting or diarrhea

How does type 2 diabetes work

Insulin resistant tissues that don’t respond

Concentration of insulin in early stage type 2 diabetes

Hyperinsulinemic because high BG is a stimulus for insulin release

Concentration of insulin in late stage type 2 diabetes

Low to nonexistent as the beta cells burn out and die, looking a lot like type 1 diabetes

Which type of diabetes is treatable to the point of remission

Type 2

Largest predictor of diabetes

Obesity