finals

Deos

Duty

Logos

A study of

Norms or rules

that people have a duty to follow to determine

what is ethical

Moral duties

set of rules that are morally binding

Internal and External

These moral rules may originate from two

sources?

Internal

Examples:

Personal values

Cultural values

External

A set of rules inherent to

the universe (ethical

naturalism)*

Religious law

Theory of divine command

Morality = obedience to God’s commands

Examples:

Sabbath for rest

The Ten Commandments

Pluralistic Deontology

Recognizes a plurality of/multiple

intrinsic values and moral rules

Rightness is not just good

consequences or absolute rules

prima facie duties

Prima facie = at first sight =

“at first sight” duties

Named as such because Ross believed them to be “common sense”

Beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, self improvement, reparation, gratitude, promise keeping

7 prima facie duties

Hypothetical imperatives

Commands you should follow

if you want something.

“Most of the time, whether or

not we ought to do something

isn’t really a moral choice

rather it’s just contingent on

our desires”

categorial imperatives

Commands one must follow

regardless of their desires.

“It doesn’t matter if you want

to be moral or not, The Moral

Law is binding on all of us”

Immanuel Kant idea

EVERY PERSON HAS INHERENT WORTH JUST BY BEING HUMAN.

WE MUST TREAT PEOPLE NOT AS TOOLS OR OBJECTS—BUT AS

ENDS IN THEMSELVES.

end

A person is an “end in themselves” if you value them for

who they are, not for what they can do for you

virtue ethics

Focuses on being a good person and developing good character traits, like honesty

and compassion

Lying generally opposes honesty, which is a virtue.

But sometimes a lie driven by another virtue (like compassion) might be acceptable,

depending on what a person would do

consequencialism

Judges actions by their outcomes—the best action produces the greatest

overall good

Lies are permissible if they lead to better consequences

Deontology

is an ethical theory that says actions are good or bad according to a clear set of rules. Its name comes from the Greek word deon, meaning duty. Actions that align with these rules are ethical, while actions that don't aren't.

environmental ethics

A branch of philosophy that explores the moral relationship

between humans and the environment. It emerged asaresponse to

the ecological crisis, triggered by overexploitation, technological

development,and an anthropocentric worldview.

Anthropocentrism

Human-centered; nature valued for its benefit to people.

Animal welfarism

The environment should be used to help animals’well-being.

Biocentrism

All living things have moral worth.

albert schweitzer

-He argues that all living beings is driven by

the impulse to live

environmental holism

Sees value in all of nature, including non-living things.

Paul taylor

-He argues that anything that can be considered as

a “teleological center of life” has a good of its own

that it pursues in its own distinct way.

Deep ecology

An environmental philosophy that emphasizes the intrinsic value of all

living beings, regardless of their usefulness to humans.

legalism

evaluates whether an action is morally

right or wrong based on a fixed set of ethical

laws or commandments.

antinomianism

comes from the Greek anti (against)

and nomos (law), meaning rejection of fixed moral

rules. It holds that each action should be judged

based on the situation, and ethical decisions should

be made freely, without being bound by set laws or

commandments. Basically it is the opposite of

legalism.

gnostic antinomianism

belief system that views the spiritual

realm as good and the physical/material

world as evil.

existential antinomianism

The human being acts according

to their own free will, and

therefore, no universal moral

principle governs their actions in

the world.

situation ethics

moral rightness is determined by the specific demands of a situation rather than absolute rules with agape (selfless love)

pragmatism, relativism, personalism, positivism

4 working principles

pragmatism

actions must achieve a loving outcome. it has to work

relativism

the right action depends on the situation. no fixed rules

positivism

our faith should include the most loving action. start with love

personalism

we should always show love for people. people first

Natural law

ethics suggests that "right" and "wrong" are

not determined just by human opinion or societal

norms, but by the very nature of reality and human

existence.

heraclitus

hinted at a universal

order (logos) that governs all

things.

plato

believed in eternal Forms;

ideal standards for concepts like

justice and goodness, that exist

beyond human laws.

aristotle

believed that everything

in nature has a purpose (telos) and

that the human purpose is to live

rationally and virtuously.

ethical relativism

explained by ruth benedict is the idea that morality shaped by cultures

prima pars (first part)

Focuses on God, His nature, the creation of the world, angels,

and human beings.

prima secundae

Discusses

human acts, free will, law, and grace.

secunda secundae

This part deals mainly with ethics and moral philosophy—

how humans ought to live.

tertia pars

This Focuses on Christ, the Incarnation, sacraments, and the path

to salvation.

speculative reason

leads to

knowledge and truth.

practical reason

moves us to

action and seeks the good.