Components of Life

the first level of the hierarchy of structural organization

chemical level

the second level of the hierarchy of structural organization

cellular level

the third level of the hierarchy of structural organization

tissue level

the fourth level of the hierarchy of structural organization

organ level

the fifth level of the hierarchy of structural organization

organ system level

the sixth level of the hierarchy of structural organization

organismal level

chemical level

combine to form molecules

cellular level

made up of molecules

tissue level

consist of similar types of cells

organ level

made up of different types of tissues

organ system level

consist of different organs that work together closely

organismal level

made up of many organ system

elements defintion

fundamental forms of matter with each composed of the same type of atom

How many natural elements are there?

92

atoms are composed of

protons, neutrons, and electrons

What is the smallest units of an element?

atoms

ions defintion

atoms with an electrical charge

Ions have a ____ number of protons and electrons

unequal

Is an atom tight or spacious?

spacious

molecule definition

two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Is water polar or non-polar?

polar

Are polar molecule hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophilic

covalent bond definition

mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons

electronegative defintion

strong attraction to electrons

polar definition

unequal distribution of charge across the molecule

Is water a good solvent?

yes

solvent definition

a liquid that can dissolve

solute definition

anything that can dissolve in a liquid

Why is a solvent important?

can break down molecules to get to their individual atoms

non-polar definition

all sides of the molecule are equal in charge

Are lipids polar or non-polar?

non-polar

Are non-polar molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophobic

Is water an acid or a base?

acts as both

acid definition

molecule that donates hydrogen

base definition

molecule that removes or receives hydrogen

pH scale defintion

measure of the relative amounts of acid and base in a solution

Is water a buffer?

yes

buffer definition

something that keeps the pH of the solution constant

pH greater than 7 = __

basic or alkaline

pH lower than 7 = ___

acidic

pH 7 = ___

neutral

What helps keep our blood at a constant pH?

water

__ % of the adult human body is made up of water?

60-65

macromolecules defintion

large organic molecules that are composed of mostly carbon

Most living things on Earth are composed of __?

carbon

How many bonds can carbon make with other atoms?

4

4 macromolecules found in all living things are

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

carbohydrates definition

major source of energy for cells

simple sugars are the building blocks for ___

carbohydrates

monosaccharide definition

simple sugar, smallest of the carbohydrates

How many carbon rings does a monosaccharide have?

1

How many carbon rings does a disaccharide have?

2

How many carbon rings does a polysaccharide have?

2+

lipids defintion

used for energy, cell signaling (hormones), and form plasma membranes

3 types of chains of carbon and hydrogen

fat, phospholipids, steroids

fat definition

big source of energy, used in energy storage

phospholipid definition

large component if the plasma membrane

steroids defintion

cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone

protein definiton

made up of amino acids

functions of proteins

enzymes, structural, contractile, defensive, signal, receptor, transport

nucleic acids are a chain of ___

nucleotides

what are nucleotides composted of (3 things)

sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

transcription defintion

converting DNA to RNA

translation defintion

converting RNA to protein

What branch of life are animals in?

eukaryotes

3 major branches of life

bacteria (prokaryotic), archaea, eukarya (eukaryotic)

prokaryotic cell features

free DNA (nucleoid), no nucleus, no true organelles

eukaryotic cell features

membrane-bound nucleus, membrane bound organelles

plant and animal cells size

.01-.1 mm

bacteria size

.001-.005mm

viruses size

.00001-.0001mm

eukaryotic: animal cell: nucleus

organelle that contains the cell’s DNA

eukaryotic: animal cell: ribosome

amino acids are hooked together to make proteins

eukaryotic: animal cell: endoplasmic reticulum

makes lipids, breaks down toxic substance, and packages proteins for the Golgi complex

eukaryotic: animal cell: mitochondrium

breaks down food molecules to make ATP

eukaryotic: animal cell: chloroplast

uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food

eukaryotic: animal cell: Golgi complex

processes and transports materials within and out of the cell

eukaryotic: animal cell: large central vacuole

stores water and other materials

eukaryotic: animal cell: lysosome

digests wastes, cell parts, and foreign invaders