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World Press Freedom Index
produced by French organisation RSF
covers 180 countries
compiled from the responses of journalists, media lawyers, researchers and other media specialists to a questionnaire
Norway, Sweden, Finland - Good
North Korea, China, Cube - Very Bad
Democracies
fair and free regular elections, universal suffrage, civil rights respected, legislature and judiciary has some independence from the govt.
→ tend to have a diverse and independent media
→ support freedom of expression
Authoritarian regimes
superficial elements of democracies, abuse of civil liberties, govt. criticism is suppressed, judiciary not independent from govt.
→ media are often state-owned/controlled by groups strongly associated with the government
→ widespread media censorship
Democracy Index (2016 report)
all countries rated ‘Good’ by the RSF were rated as ‘democratic’
all countries rated ‘Very Bad’ by RSF rated ‘authoritarian’
Norway tops both lists, North Korea last in both lists
situation is variable - relationship between democracy and media freedom not so black and white
e.g. Japan classified as ‘full democracy’ by DI, but RSF says media freedom is ‘problematic’
Orttung and Walker
most authoritarian regimes today do not seek total domination of all means of mass communication
two reasons for this:
desire to avoid condemnation in the court of international opinion
aspirations of economic modernisation
they want ‘effective media control’
Who are the four audiences that authoritarian-controlled media seeks to influence? (Orttung and Walker)
regime elites
general population
political opposition and independent civil society organisations
regular internet users
Joel Simon (2017)
claims that strategies used by authoritarian/hybrid states to control and manage information fall into three broad categories:
Repression 2.0 - new forms of direct censorship
Masked political control - censorship is ‘democratic’
Technology capture - using digital means
(BONUS) Self-censorship because journalists get scared
MacDowall and van der Zee (2017)
govts. use the threat of withdrawing state advertising to pressurise independent media outlets to avoid criticising the govt.
Developments in media
capitalist globalisation
neoliberalism
deregulation
digitalisation
John Whale (pluralist) (1977)
‘it is readers who determine the character of newspapers’
‘media owners have global problems of trade and investment to occupy their minds’
allegedly do not have time to think about the day to day detailed running of their media businesses or everyday newspaper content
Tim Berners-Lee (2018)
what was once a rich selection of websites has been compressed under the powerful weight of a few dominant platforms. this concentration of power creates a new set of gatekeepers, controlling which ideas or opinions are seen and shared