psych 2113 ***review session*** study guide (exam 1)

Behavioral genetics studies the influence of what on behavior?

gene and DNA markers

What does comparative psychology focus on?

the study of similarities and differences in learning and cognition across animal species

two main division of the nervous system

central nervous system (CNS); spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system (PNS); everything else

Which type of neuron sends information from the central nervous system to muscles or glands?

motor neurons

what neurons can be used interchangeable?

afferent neurons/sensory neurons

What is the function of astrocytes in the CNS?

provides oxygen/nutrients, repairs damage, and aids in communication

What is the primary role of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system?

creates myeline for neurons

the occipital lobe in the brain is primarily responsible for what

visual processing

the frontal lobe in the brain is primarily responsible for what

decision making

the auditory lobe in the brain is primarily responsible for what

auditory perception

hippocampus

learning, memory, orientation

the ____ consists of the medulla oblongata and the reticular formation

myelencephalon

The major parts of the ___________ are the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and the basal ganglia.

telencephalon

the ______ controls the movements that you make (when you plan to make a move, this tells your brain to make a movement)

basal ganglia

the ____ contrails the thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and mammillary bodies

diencephalon

what part of the brain helps in the coordination of motor control, balance, and associative learning?

cerebellum

Sensory (afferent) neurons are responsible for:

sending sensory information from the body to the central nervous system (CNS) (from the PNS to the CNS)

Motor (efferent) neurons transmit signals:

from the brain and the spinal cord to muscles and glands (from the CNS to the PNS)

Which structure in the diencephalon acts as a relay center for sensory information?

thalamus

Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for sensory information related to smell?

olfactory nerve

_____ controls specific body functions such as your digestion, heart rate, lungs, and immune system.

vagus nerve

___ send visual messages to your brain to help you see

optic nerve

Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for sending signals related to sound and balance?

vestibulocochlear nerve

_____ enables movement in your eye's superior oblique muscle

trochlear nerve

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

regulate involuntary functions such as heart rate and digestion

___ control voluntary muscle movement

somatic nervous system

sensory neurons enter the spinal cord through the ____ root.

dorsal

motor neurons leave the spinal cord through the ___ root.

ventral

what happens at the axon hillock?

electrical signals begin to travel down the axon

___ is the rapid method by which nerve impulses move down a myelinated axon

saltatory conduction

Which ion is primarily responsible for depolarization when entering a neuron?

sodium (Na+)

What type of ion channel opens and closes when the membrane around it reaches a specific polarity?

voltage-gated ion channel

___ is the process of depolarizing something or the state of being depolarized

depolarization

___ is a change in a cell's membrane potentialthat makes it more negative

hyper polarization

what happens during the absolute refractory period?

the neuron cannot generate another action potential

What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?

to transport 3 Na+ out of the neuron and 2 K+ into the neuron

What type of neurotransmitter receptor is ionotropic?

ligand-gated ion channel

An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) _______ the likelihood of an action potential.

increases

What are transgenic mice used for in research?

to study genetic modifications by slicing genes from another organism

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) _______ the likelihood of an action potential.

decreases

Which imaging technique uses radioactive isotopes to study brain activity?

PET scan

_____ is used to track electrical signals in the brain (like little caps you put all around your brain)

EEG

What does fMRI measure to create images of brain activity?

blood flow changes in the brain (what part of your brain is getting more blood flow?)

what are the two parts of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

autonomic and somatic nervous system

what are the two parts of your autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system