A&P CH 16: The Endocrine System

Thyro-

Relating to the thyroid gland

Para-

beside, near, alongside

Adreno-

Relating to the adrenal gland

Gluco-

sugar/glucose

Tropi-

to turn on

The group of hormones made by the adrenal cortex that regulate sugar metabolism are called

Glucocorticoids

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone turn on the gonads and are called

Gonadotropins

The glands located alongside the thyroid gland are called

Parathyroid glands

A chemical signal that targets the adrenal cortex is called

Adrenocorticotropic

The main hormone produced by the thyroid gland is called

Thyroxine

The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in

cAMP in cytoplasm

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to

plasma membrane receptors

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?

Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells

What is the role of activated protein kinases?

phosphorylate proteins

Cyclic AMP is degraded by

phosphodiesterase

Which of the following is not one of the functions of the endocrine system?

Promotes growth

Regulates metabolic reactions

Maintains fluid balance

Controls memory and learning

Controls memory and learning

Compared to the effects of the nervous system, the effects of the endocrine system

Last longer, can require seconds, several hours, or even days to elicit effects

Which of the following is a primary endocrine organ?

Heart

Pineal gland

Testes

Thyroid gland

Thyroid gland

The anterior pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is

ACTH

Which of the following best belongs in the box with the question mark?

Thyroid gland

Pancreas

Posterior pituitary

Adrenal medulla

Thyroid Gland; TSH from the anterior pituitary stimulate the thyroid gland

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior pituitary?

ADH

Prolactin

Somatostatin

TSH

ADH

Hormones that control hormone secretion from other glands are known as:

Tropic hormones

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, made?

Hypothalamus produces it and posterior pituitary stores and releases it

What is the primary effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin)?

Water retention by the kidneys

What is A

Larynx

What is B

Superior thyroid artery

What is C

Thyroid gland (right lobe)

What is D

Isthmus

What is E

Trachea

What is F

Blood vessel

What is G

Parafollicular cells

What is H

Follicle cells

What is I

Thyroid follicle containing colloid

The hormone calcitonin is produced by the __________ cells of the thyroid.

Parafollicular

What element is necessary for the production of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)?

Iodine

Place the following hormones in the correct order of their control, from first tier to third tier:

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Production of T3 and T4

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), production of T3 and T4

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Hypocalcemia

What is NOT an effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Increased release of calcium ions from bone

Increased absorption of calcium ions by the small intestine

Increased osteoblast activity

Increased reabsorption of calcium ions from fluid in the kidneys

Increased osteoblast activity

What is A

Adrenal gland

What is B

Adrenal cortex

What is C

Adrenal medulla

What is D

Capsule

What is E

Zona glomerulosa

What is F

Zona fasciculata

What is G

Zona reticularis

What is H

Adrenal medulla

Aldosterone regulates

extracellular sodium and potassium ion levels

Some potassium-sparing diuretics increase urination without the loss of potassium by working against receptors for:

Aldosterone

What first tier hormone stimulates cortisol production?

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Excess cortisol could result in:

High blood glucose levels

What is A

Head of pancreas

What is B

Body of pancreas

What is C

Tail of pancreas

What is D

Pancreatic artery

What is E

Alpha cell

What is F

Beta cell

What is G

Delta cell

What is H

Acinar cells

What is I

Pancreatic Islet

When blood glucose levels are high    

The pancreas releases insulin

A liver cell responds to insulin by

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

Liver cells

Body cells that respond to insulin include

liver cells as well as most other cells in the body

When blood glucose levels are low

The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called

Homeostasis

Which of the following effects is NOT associated with the hormone insulin?

Glycogen synthesis

Stimulation of cells to uptake and utilize glucose

Gluconeogenesis in the liver

Synthesis of fat

Gluconeogenesis in the liver

Which pancreatic cells release insulin and glucagon?

Pancreatic islets

What is the main functions of glucagon?

Raise blood glucose levels

The pineal gland produces the hormone

Melatonin

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) promotes:

Vasodilation

High levels of testosterone inhibit the release of:

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?

Epinephrine

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?

Decreased insulin secretion

Decreased or difficulty breathing

Decreased sweating

Decreased cardiac output

Decreased insulin secretion

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?

Slow heart rate

Heart palpitations

Low blood glucose

Cool, dry skin

Heart palpitations

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a “moon face.”

Pheochromocytoma

Cushing’s disease

Addison’s disease

Cushing’s disease

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?

Cortisol

ADH (vasopressin)

Angiotensin II

Aldosterone

ADH (vasopressin)

Reproductive system regulation often needs to be slower and more long-lasting. The main system that allows for such regulation is the:

Endocrine system

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback loop?

During childbirth, pressure on the cervix stimulates the release of oxytocin. This causes contractions, and therefore puts more pressure on the cervix. This cycle continues until the baby is born.

During lactation, as an infant suckles, it stimulates the release of prolactin in the mother. Prolactin causes more milk to be produced for the infant to suckle. This continues until the infant stops breast feeding.

Baroreceptors in the arteries send a signal to the brain that the blood pressure is low. The brain sends a chemical signal to the heart to increase its rate of pumping. This continues until the baroreceptors sense a normal blood pressure.

During blood clotting, chemicals are secreted by wounded tissues that recruit platelets to the area. As the platelets arrive, they secrete more of the same chemicals, recruiting more platelets to the wound. This continues until the wound is clotted.

Baroreceptors in the arteries send a signal to the brain that the blood pressure is low. The brain sends a chemical signal to the heart to increase its rate of pumping. This continues until the baroreceptors sense a normal blood pressure

A tumor has appeared on the hypothalamus of a seven-year-old boy, causing increased secretion of GHRH. The increase of GHRH has in turn increased GH and IGF levels. If left untreated, the young boy

Will suffer from gigantism since his epiphyseal plates have not closed

Leptin

Produced by adipocytes; able to cross blood-brain barrier where it interacts with neurons in hypothalamus; induce satiety and prevent overfeeding

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Increase vessel diameter (vasodilation), enhance excretion of sodium ions from kidney (natriuresis), and these decrease blood volume and blood pressure

Eryhtropoietin (EPO)

Produced in response to decreased blood oxygen levels; increase oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

Renin

Converts plasma protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I; vital component of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system which maintains blood pressure