Chem U4- Quantum Theory (Electrons)

Quantum Theory

The study of behavior of subatomic particles within atoms. Also used to explain the electric structure and dynamic of molecules.

Quantum Numbers

Describes the properties of orbitals and electrons around the nucleus

4 QUANTUM NUMBERS TOTAL

Principle Quantum number

the “STREET NUMBER”, SYMBOL = N

Gives the MAIN energy number (1-7), lower number is closer to nucleus (lower in energy according to BOHRS MODEL)

Angular Momentum Number

“THE HOUSE” of an electron, SYMBOL = L

Gives the SHAPE of the SUBLEVEL, (S, P, D, F): Broken into ORBITALS, reigon likely to find an electron

Magnetic Quantum Number

“THE ORIENTATION”, SYMBOL = M

Gives the OREINTATION OF WHERE AROUND THE NUCLEUS and electron is located

S - 1 orb P - 3 orb D - 5 orb F - 7 orb

Spin Number

Determines the DIRECTION each electron spins

Ie +(1/2)= Positive spin, -(1/2) = Negative spin, Due to HUNDS RULE, each electron MUST spin in an OPPOSITE DIRECTION

Sublevel

(S, P, D, F) each have different #’s of orbitals

*each INDIVIDUAL ORBITAL ONLY HOLDS 2 ELECTRONS

“S” sublevel

Moves in a spheracle shape/ orbits

“P” Sublevel (MORE ELECTRONS)

Travels in a dumbbell shape

Aufbau’s Principle

Fill from LOWEST to HIGHEST energy

Hunds Rule

Place 1 ELECTRON in ALL ORBITALS of equal energy before placting any 2 ELECTRONS in each orbital

Paulie Exclusion

2 Elecrtons sharing an orbital MUST SPIN in opoosite directions

(1 UP, 1 DOWN)

Orbital Notation

Represents ELECTRONS AS ARROWS. orbitals as BOXES

Electron config.

AMOUNT of electrons in a sublevel, represented as SUPERSCRIPTS SYMBOL

Noble Gas Notation

The NOBLE GAS is substituted to represent ALL ELECTRONS which aren’t VALENCE ELECTRONS

TO GRAPH: Determine row element is oin, go up one (if plausable) and look at the Noble gas (in row above)