Anatomy Quiz Section 2 Study Guide

growth

increase in cell number and size and increase in body size

reproduction

production of new cells and organisms

responsiveness

reaction to change inside or outside of the body

movement

change in body position or location; motion of internal organs- characteristic of human life

metabolism

the sum of all chemical reactions in a living system; energy production and nutrient cycling

respiration

making energy, most organisms do it by taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide

digestion

breaking down food into usable nutrients for absorption into the blood

circulation

moving chemicals and cells through the body fluids

excretion

removing waste products

requirements of organisms- water

most abundant substance in body, environment for metabolic processes, required for transport of substances, regulation of body temperature

requirements of organisms- food

provides nutrients to supply energy

requirements of organisms-oxygen

releases energy from food

requirements of organisms- heat

form of energy, maintain body temp, controls rate of metabolic reactions

requirements of organisms- pressure

• application of force on an object

• atmospheric pressure - important for breathing

• hydrostatic pressure - keeps blood flowing

homeostatic mechanisms

self regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct them as needed

receptor

detects and provides information about the stimuli (skin notices change)

control center

decision maker that maintains the set point (brain)

effector

muscle or gland that responds to the control center, and causes the necessary change in the internal environment (sweat-fixer)

negative feedback

-effectors return conditions toward normal range

-prevents sudden, severe changes in the body

-ex: body temp, blood pressure, glucose level

positive feedback

-change/ deviation is intensified, instead of reversed

-produce unstable conditions

-ex: blood clotting, uterine contractions