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Fertility rate
The number of children born per woman, summarizing fertility across all age groups in a particular year.
Population growth
An increase in the size of a population when births exceed deaths.
Replacement fertility rate
The average number of births (2.1) needed to maintain a population size.
Cohabitation
Two people in a romantic relationship living together without being married.
First Demographic Transition
A historical change from high birth rates and low life expectancy to low birth rates and high life expectancy.
Sub-replacement fertility
A sustained fertility level below the replacement rate of 2.1 children per woman.
High-dependency ratio
The ratio of dependents (young and old) to the working-age population.
Second Demographic Transition (SDT)
A framework explaining changes in family and demographic behavior characterized by lower birth rates and new family arrangements.
Family change
Transformations in familial structures, roles, and norms over time.
Economic explanations for cohabitation
Reasons people choose to live together without marrying, often related to saving costs and lower exit costs.
Demographic trends
Patterns of change in population characteristics, including marriage rates and fertility.
Gendered family roles
Culturally defined responsibilities assigned to individuals based on gender, often affecting household dynamics and labor distribution.
Population momentum
The tendency for a population to continue to grow even after fertility rates decline, due to the age structure.
Cultural explanations for fertility decline
Societal shifts toward liberal attitudes regarding marriage and childbearing impacting fertility rates.
Age-specific fertility rates
The fertility rates calculated for specific age groups within the population.
Natural population growth rate
The rate at which a population increases or decreases, considering births and deaths only.
Child mortality
The death of a child under the age of five.
Decoupling of marriage and childbearing
The trend of having children outside of marriage.
Epidemiological transition
The shift in causes of death from infectious diseases to chronic diseases.
Economic productivity concerns
Issues arising from low birth rates leading to fewer workers and consumers in the economy.
Marriage package
The linked social responsibilities of marriage, childbearing, childrearing, and caring for the elderly, especially viewed in East Asian cultures.
