Cervical, facial expression, mastication, hyoid, tongue, pharynx, and soft palate muscles

What are the main cervical muscles

Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

Innervation of cervical muscles

Accessory nerve (CN XI) and cervical nerves (C2, C3)

Action of trapezius

Stabilizes scapula for upper limb movement and posture

Origin of trapezius

Occipital bone and posterior midline of cervical and thoracic vertebrae

Insertion of trapezius

Lateral clavicle and scapula

Innervation of trapezius

CN XI (11th cranial nerve)

Action of SCM

Rotation and flexion of neck

Origin of SCM

Sternum and clavicle

Insertion of SCM

Mastoid process of temporal bone

Innervation of SCM

CN XI, C2, C3

Function of muscles of facial expression

Convey emotions through facial movements

Innervation of facial expression muscles

7th cranial nerve (CN VII)

Origin of epicranial muscle

Frontal belly: epicranial aponeurosis; Occipital belly: occipital and temporal bones

Insertion of epicranial muscle

Frontal belly: eyebrow and root of nose; Occipital belly: epicranial aponeurosis

Action of epicranial muscle

Raises eyebrows and scalp, expression of surprise

Origin of orbicularis oculi

Orbital rim, frontal and maxillary bones

Insertion of orbicularis oculi

Lateral region of the eye, encircles eye

Action of orbicularis oculi

Closes eyelid, protects eye

Origin of orbicularis oris

Encircles mouth

Insertion of orbicularis oris

Labial commissures (angles of mouth)

Action of orbicularis oris

Pressing lips together, pursing, grimacing, pouting

Origin of buccinator

Alveolar processes of maxilla/mandible, pterygomandibular raphe

Insertion of buccinator

Labial commissures

Action of buccinator

Pulls commissures laterally, keeps food on posterior teeth (“trumpet muscle”)

Muscles involved in smiling

Zygomaticus minor, Levator anguli oris

Action of zygomaticus minor

Elevates upper lip

Origin of levator anguli oris

Canine fossa of maxilla

Action of levator anguli oris

Elevates labial commissures

Muscles involved in frowning

Depressor labii inferioris, Mentalis, Platysma

Action of depressor labii inferioris

Depresses lower lip, exposes mandibular incisors

Action of mentalis

Raises chin, protrudes lower lip

Origin of platysma

Clavicle and shoulder

Insertion of platysma

Mandible and muscles around mouth

Action of platysma

Raises skin of neck, creates grimace expression

Muscles of mastication

Masseter, Temporalis, Medial pterygoid, Lateral pterygoid

Innervation of all mastication muscles

Mandibular division of CN V (trigeminal nerve)

Action of masseter

Elevates mandible (jaw closing)

Origin of masseter

Superficial head: anterior 2/3 of zygomatic arch; Deep head: posterior 1/3 and medial surface

Insertion of masseter

Superficial head: angle of mandible; Deep head: ramus of mandible

Action of temporalis

Elevation and retraction of mandible

Origin of temporalis

Temporal fossa

Insertion of temporalis

Coronoid process of mandible

Action of medial pterygoid

Elevation of mandible (jaw closing)

Origin of medial pterygoid

Pterygoid fossa of sphenoid

Insertion of medial pterygoid

Medial surface of angle of mandible

Action of lateral pterygoid

Depression, lateral deviation, protrusion of mandible

Origin of lateral pterygoid

Superior head: greater wing of sphenoid; Inferior head: lateral pterygoid plate

Insertion of lateral pterygoid

Pterygoid fovea of mandible

Groups of hyoid muscles

Suprahyoid and infrahyoid

Function of suprahyoid muscles

Elevate hyoid or depress mandible

Function of infrahyoid muscles

Depress hyoid bone during swallowing

Suprahyoid muscles

Digastric, Stylohyoid, Mylohyoid, Geniohyoid

Origin of digastric muscle

Anterior belly: intermediate tendon; Posterior belly: mastoid notch of temporal bone

Insertion of digastric

Anterior belly: medial surface of mandible; Posterior belly: intermediate tendon

Innervation of digastric

Anterior belly: mylohyoid nerve; Posterior belly: CN VII

Origin of mylohyoid

Mylohyoid line of mandible

Insertion of mylohyoid

Body of hyoid bone, forms floor of mouth

Innervation of mylohyoid

Mylohyoid nerve (branch of CN V)

Origin of stylohyoid

Styloid process of temporal bone

Insertion of stylohyoid

Body of hyoid bone

Innervation of stylohyoid

CN VII

Origin of geniohyoid

Genial tubercles of mandible

Insertion of geniohyoid

Body of hyoid bone

Innervation of geniohyoid

C1 via hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Infrahyoid muscles

Sternothyroid, Sternohyoid, Omohyoid, Thyrohyoid

Innervation of infrahyoid muscles

C2 & C3

Function of intrinsic tongue muscles

Change shape of tongue

Intrinsic tongue muscles

Superior longitudinal, Inferior longitudinal, Transverse, Vertical

Function of extrinsic tongue muscles

Move tongue

Extrinsic tongue muscles

Genioglossus, Styloglossus, Hyoglossus

Innervation of all tongue muscles

CN XII (hypoglossal)

Action of genioglossus

Protrudes tongue

Origin of styloglossus

Styloid process of temporal bone

Action of styloglossus

Retracts tongue

Origin of hyoglossus

Greater cornu and body of hyoid

Action of hyoglossus

Depresses tongue

Function of pharyngeal muscles

Swallowing

Innervation of pharyngeal muscles

Pharyngeal plexus and CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

Muscles of pharynx

Stylopharyngeus, Superior, Middle, Inferior pharyngeal constrictors

Action of stylopharyngeus

Elevates and widens pharynx during swallowing

Origin of stylopharyngeus

Styloid process

Insertion of stylopharyngeus

Lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls

Insertion of pharyngeal constrictors

Median pharyngeal raphe

Action of pharyngeal constrictors

Raise pharynx and larynx during swallowing

Innervation of pharyngeal constrictors

Pharyngeal plexus

Muscles of soft palate

Palatoglossus, Palatopharyngeus, Levator veli palatini, Tensor veli palatini, Musculus uvulae

Innervation of soft palate muscles

Pharyngeal plexus (except tensor veli palatini - CN V)

Action of palatoglossus

Elevates and arches tongue

Action of palatopharyngeus

Moves soft palate posteroinferiorly and posterior pharyngeal wall anterosuperiorly

Action of levator veli palatini

Raises soft palate to contact posterior pharyngeal wall

Action of tensor veli palatini

Tenses and slightly lowers soft palate

Action of musculus uvulae

Shortens and broadens uvula