Human Diseases Exam 1

Unit one - CH 1 - 5

Pathology is the study of

disease

Explain symptoms and provide examples.

indications of disease reported by a patient. ex. pain, dizziness, nausea

Explain signs and provide examples.

evidence of disease that can be seen or measured. ex. temp, rash, pulse

True or false: a symptom is subjective

true

True or false: Signs are objective

True

what is the process of identifying a disorder ?

pt history, physical exam, lab testing, other testing

what is a prognosis

the prediction of course and end of a disease and the estimation of chance for recovery

what is an acute disease

a sudden onset and short duration, ex. influenza

what is a chronic disease

a slower, less severe onset and usually has a longer duration

ex. heart disease, cancer

what is a terminal disease

a disease that will end with the death of a patient

provide examples of leading deaths in low income countries

lower respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, malaria, diarrhea

provide examples of leading deaths in high income countries

heart disease, stroke, lung cancers, alzheimer

what is remission

a period in which symptoms subside or disappear

a period when signs and symptoms are more severe

exacerbation

Karens disease returns weeks after remission. what is this called?

relapse

what is a disease complication

a secondary disease or condition that develops in the course of a primary disease

true or false: the term Squela is the result of permanent damage of a disease

true

What is the term that is used for the number of deaths coming from a certain disease

Mortality

number of cases of a disease in a population

morbidity

epidemiology is the study of

occurrence, transmission distribution, and control of disease

sensitivity VS specificity

sensitivity - likeliness of getting a true positive test

Specifity- likelieness of getting a true negative test

In testing what is PPV

likelihood of an accurate positive result

NPV

Liklelihood of an accurate negative result

True or false- the higher the incidence the better PPV and NPV perforn

True

etiology is the study of

the cause of disease

4 modifiable risk factors

physical activity, nutrition, tobacco and alcohol use

risk factors that increase disease development

genetic, environmental, mental, physiological, and psychological

pathogenesis

origin and development of disease

idiopathic

unknown cause of disease

symptomatic treatment

designed to relieve and manage symptoms without addressing underlying cause

palliative treatment

provide comfort and relieve pain without curing

pharmacological treatment

the use of specific drugs to cure or relieve signs and symptoms

surgical treatment

the use of surgery to correct anatomical or physiological abnormalities

immunity

the body’s ability to resist infectious disease

antigen

protein that triggers a defense response. (antibodies)

Non specific/innate immunity

your bodys protective factors that you are born with that does not depend on prior exposure to a pathogen.

specific/adaptive immunity

responds to antigens of specific pathogens after previous exposure.

what barriers do Non specific immunity include

physical barriers such as skin, mucus membranes, and chemical/cellular defenses

phagocytosis

process in which leukocytes called phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens

what are natural killer cells

they secrete chemicals to destroy cells with abnormal membranes. (viral and cancer cells)

Are natural killer cells phagocytic

no

interferons

anti viral proteins produced after a viral infection. they stimulate nearby uninfected cells to resist viral infection

true or false - interferons increase the activity of macrophages and NK cells

true

how are interferons currently used to treat

hep. B + C , and some cancers

fever

a systemic response to infection that can slow the growth rate of some pathogens and enhance the immune systems response

is a fever a non specific or specific immunity

non specific

inflammatory response

after an injury damaged cells release chemical signals ( HISTAMINES AND KININS ) that cause blood vessels to dilate

what are the hallmark signs of an inflammatory response

heat, redness, and swelling

benefits of a fever

stimulating antibody production, slowing growth rate of pathogens, and increasing effect of interferons

specific immunity responds to

antigens of specific pathogens

humoral immunity

due to actions of antibodies from B cells, provide a defense against extracellular antigens

cell mediated immunity

defense against intraceellular pathogens like viruses and other abnormal cells from T cells